Bird Respiration, Circulatory System, & Metabolism

Between how many numbers of air sacs does a bird have?

What is the most common number of air sacs?

There are 2 types of all air sacs except _________.

5 locations of air sacs

Air sacs integrate into some of the birds ____ _____ & _______ system.

Air sacs extend into ___________ bones.

_________ _______ causes air mvt in the lungs.

Which air sac is the main airway?

Which air sac is the final air sac?

The lung is stiff and does not ______.

Secondary ____ branch off primary _____ and tertiary branch off of secondary _____.

What occurs in the bronchi?

Blood capillaries in parabronchi are interspersed with air _____.

What kind of cycle do birds use to breathe?

Is there gas exchange on the first breath of the bird's two-breath cycle?

During which part of the two-breath cycle does air move down the trachea & mesobronchus into the posterior thoracic and abdominal air sacs?

During which part of the two-breath cycle does air move into the dorsobronchi, ventrobronchi and parabronchi of the lungs for gas exchange?

During which part of the two-breath cycle does air move into the anterior air sacs (cervical, thoracic, and interclavicular)?se

During which part of the two-breath cycle does air move from the anterior air sacs our through the trachea and nares and mouth?

During the first expiration, the bird contracts its _______ _____ which forces air from the air sacs into the lung for gas exchange.

Birds always have _ breaths going through their respiratory cycle at once.

Which bone raises and lowers to create a vacuum to pull air in and push air out of the bird?

The ______ bone also aids in respiration by causing the interclavicular air sacs to ____ on the upstroke and ______ on the downstroke.

What 4 things make birds' respiratory systems more efficient than humans?

The fact that birds use one way flow of oxygen and are able to replace all of their air means that their lungs can be ______.

The tracheal volume of birds is much higher than in mammals because it is integrated into the ____ ____ & _____.

Cross-current gas exchange occurs in the _________.

Cross current gas exchange means that air goes in the opposite direction of ______.

Cross-current exchange starts with all the oxygen in the airflow and ends with all the oxygen in the _____.

Air and blood flow in _______ directions during cross-current exchange.

Mammals use _____ current exchange.

Some _____ had similar respiratory systems to birds with air sacs and pneumatic bones.

How many chambers are there in a bird's heart?

Birds have a 4-chambered heart to separate which two types of circulation?

Birds have a larger/smaller heart than mammals.

Every bird heart beat pumps more/less blood than mammals but beats slower/faster.

___________ in birds has ahigher affinity for O2 which means that they are effective at grabbing it and moving it through the body.

Bird muscle fibers are thinner/thicker and have more/less than mammals.

Birds have more/less mitochondria.

Birds have more/less RBCs per unit volume blood.

What type of birds have reduced oxygen flow (except to their heart and nervous system), slower heart rates, reduced oxygen consumption, and anaerobic metabolism in their muscles during a certain reflex?

Birds have an average higher/lower body temperature than mammals.

As body temperature increases, more _______ breaks down, and more must be replaced.

3 advantages to being warm-blooded

Pros of 40 C body temp

• high body temp enhances __________ reflexes

• higher speed of transmission of _____ impulses

• increased speed & endurance of _______ contraction

• increased ______ of molecules across membranes

• increased rates of ______ reactions

Cons of 40 C body temp

• energetically _________

• risk of _____ ________b

allometric relationship of metabolic rate (M) to body weight (W)

basal metabolism equation

On a log scale, log metabolic rate increases/decreases as log weight increases.

A large bird uses relatively more/less energy per unit body weight than small birds.

_____ metabolism is much more expensive than daily energy expenditure.

Metabolic rate increases with weight for _____ too.

Larger bird species require _______ more energy, but ______ less energy.

Larger birds have a smaller/larger surface area to volume ratio.

The SA/V ratio gets bigger/smaller as the bird gets smaller.

Consequences of a low SA:V ratio in larger birds

• slower/faster metabolism

• lose heat slower/faster

• require relatively ____ energy

• difficulty getting rid of _____ ____

Consequences of high SA:V ratios in smaller birds

• higher/lower metabolism

• lose heat slower/faster

• require relatively more/less energy

• difficulty ______ ______

Energy expenditure varies _______.

ratio of active to resting metabolism

Temperature regulation

• ____ is a byproduct of metabolism

• metabolism is an important ______ of heat when ambient temperature is low

• metabolism can be a _____ when ambient temperature is high

Birds must increase their _____ _____ to lose or gain heat at the upper and lower critical temperatures.

3 types of adaptations for dealing with heat loss and production

Animals tend to get ______ as you go farther North because that gives relatively less SA.

rule that says animals tend to get larger as you go farther North

behavioral adaptation for temperature regulation in which birds puff up their feathers

Dark pigmentation can be used to regulate temperature ________ by exposing apteria to the sun and _______ with dark pigmentation of dorsal apteria.

A physiological adaptation to lower critical temperature is _______.

A physiological adaptation to lower the differential between inside and outside temperature is _________.

pronounced hypothermia that reduces O2 consumption by 50%

Heat loss in extremities is handled by _____ blood away from the feet and warming it via _________ as it goes into the body.

method of evaporative cooling in which a bird excretes/pees onto their legs

3 methods of evaporative cooling

___________ hypothermia can also be used in high temeperatures to increase body heat and reduce the differential with the outside

solutions for heat gain are more relevant to small/large birds

A physical adaptaion for solving heat gain is to have a _____ ____.

The amount of water loss that a bird experiences increases/decreases with a larger body size, and has to do with the _: ratio.

4 ways to deal with water loss

this method of deal with water loss involves the oxidation of organic compounds to produce water

Which generates the most water when oxidated: fat, carbs, or protein?

large/small birds produce less metabolic water, but it is almost all the water they need

large/small birds only compensate ~5% of water loss via metabolic water

_- get the least amount of water from their diet

Water needs of many species are met fully by ____ alone.

Metabolic activity produces _____________ wastes.

the substance that birds excrete

• ________ suspension

• very _________, up to 3000x what is in the blood

• no ________

Bird kidneys cannot concentrate salt or electrolytes above/below

What kind of glands solve the issue that the kidneys cannot concentrate salt or electrolytes above blood level?

What are avian kidneys great at?

Salt excreting glands use what kind of system?

Salt excreting glands are especially important in what kind of birds?

What do W, M, & b represent in the M=aW^b equation?

where air flows on the 1st inhalation (3)

where air flows on the first exhalation

where air flows on the second inhalation (3)

where air flows on the second exhalation

where gas exchange occurs