Tags & Description
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis in plants
Chloroplast
An organelle located in the leaf mesophyll
Transpiration
Process in plants that release water vapor through the openings in leaves
Transpiration
Process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts
Guard cells
What cells are responsible for opening and closing the stomata?
Guard cells
use osmotic pressure to open and close stomata
chlorophyll
A light absorbing green pigment that plays an important role in photosynthesis
Xylem
what tissue in plants carry water and minerals
Xylem
A specialized tissue of vascular plants
phloem
A vascular tissue in charge of transport and distribution of the organic nutrients
Xylem
Makes the transport of water and minerals possible
Xylem
occupies the central part of the plants, which is the largest
Vessels
In a mature flowering plant or tree, most of the cells that make up the xylem are specialized cells called
Vessels
Lose their end walls so the xylem forms a continuous, hollow tube. this allows water to flow easily
Vessels
become strengthened by a chemical called lignin.
Lignin
Gives strength and support to the vessel.
Xylem
Transport in the ___ is a physical process. It does not require energy
Phloem
Responsible for transporting the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant body.
Phloem
From the leaves of the plant they will deliver the product substance to the rest of body
phloem
occupies the marginal side of the plants
Translocation
Transport of substances in phloem is called
phloem
consists of living cells
Sieve tubes, companion cells
cells that make up the phloem
sieve tubes
specialized for transport and have no nuclei.
sieve tubes
Has a perforated end so its cytoplasm connects one cell to the next
Companion cells
Transport of subtances in the phloem cells requires energy
companion cells
One or more ___ attached to each sieve tube provide this energy.
companion cells
A sieve tubes is completely dependent on it
Plant organization
The xylem and phloem are distributed differently in roots and stems, in the roots the xylem forms a central column, forming a solid support.
Stem
In the ____, the transport tissues of the xylem and phloem are grouped into vascular bundles
radial rays
In the trees, we can find ____ along their trunks
Radial rays
These tissues are common in woody plants for radial distribution of food
Environmental conditions
During the growth season affect xylem growth
Vascular cambium
produces xylem cells that can carry a lot of water cells that are large and thin walled when temperatures are cool and water is plentiful, as in the typical spring
Vascular cambium
produces narrow, thick-walled cells under hot, dry conditions, as in the typical summer
Radial system
functions primarily in the transport of carbohydrates from the inner bark to the wood
radial system
there are some food storage cells in this system as well
Ray cell
Interrupt the interconnections of the tracheids or fibres
Apoplast pathway
Movement through the cell walls and spaces between cells
Symplast pathway
Water and minerals pass through a continuum of cytoplasm between cells, called plasmodesma
Transmembrane Pathway
involves transport between cells across the membranes of vacuoles within cells
Stomatal transpiration
It is the evaporation of water through stomata. Stomata are specialized pores in the leaves
Cuticular Transpiration
The evaporation of water happens through the lenticels
Lenticular Transpiration
This type of transpiration is the loss of water from plants as vapor through the lenticels
Relative Humidity, Air Movement, Temperature, Light, Surface Area of Leaf, Water Availability, Opening and Closing of Stomata, Ascent of Sap
Factors Affecting Transpiration in Plants
Water potential
The one of the main factors that regulate the transport process in plants. This represents free energy or the potential to do work
Water potential
Furthermore, this is used to predict where water will move. Take note that water will move from a cell or solution with higher water potential to a cell or solution with lower water potential.
Guttation
This happens if sunlight is absent. During nighttime the rate of transpiration is low, thatās why ions accumulate in the roots of plants, causing root pressure buildup. This will cause the water to enter the cells by osmosis.
Turgor pressure
The influx of water into the cell can produce this kind of pressure. This causes the plasma membrane to push against the cell wall, during the transport in phloem.
Pressure flow theory
This can demonstrate turgor pressure; it states that dissolved carbohydrates which flow from a source, are brought to a sink where these either stored or utilized
Sucrose
travels from mesophyll cells of the leaves to the companion and sieve cells through symplast
Protists
Exchange gases directly with the water in their surroundings through the cell membrane.
Sponges and Cnidarians
Also aquatic animals that exchange gases directly with body cells and the environment.
Fishes
Have a heart that is two chambered. Gas exchange is made more efficient through the countercurrent flow
Frogs
The heart is three chambered with two atria and one ventricle. In the ventricle, partial mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood happens. From the ventricle, blood is pumped to reach the lungs and skin where gas exchange will take place.
cutaneous breathing
Under water, they utilize their skin for gas exchange, which is also referred to as
External respiration, Internal respiration
There are two types of gas exchange in the human body.
External respiration
the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs
Internal respiration
is gas exchange between the cells and the blood.
Nose
Two openings in the ___ serve as the entrance for the passage of air into the body. In the nose, air is cleaned, moistened, and warmed
Pharynx
This is also known as the throat, is found at the back of the mouth. During inhalation, a flap of cartilage called epiglottis is in an upright position and air moves into the trachea or windpipe.
Larynx
This is also called voice box or Adamās apple, is more prominent in males than in females. Sounds are produced when air is forced past two vocal cords that stretch across the.
Trachea
: This is most often called the windpipe , it is located in front of the esophagus. It is about 10 cm long and 2.5 cm wide and is lined with mucous membranes and cilia.
Bronchi
The trachea is divided into two hollow branches, called . Each bronchus is attached to the lungs.
Lungs
These are large, spongy , and elastic sac like structures suspended from each side of the heart, inside the chest cavity.
air sacs
In the ______, oxygen diffuses through the capillaries and into the bloodstream.
nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
The air that we inhale is a mixture of gases which includes
Circulatory system
The system that contains the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Circulatory system
This system moves the blood throughout the body.
Circulatory system
This system helps tissues and cells get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it also helps them get rid of waste materials.
Problems with your heartās pumping action. Changes to your heartās structure. Inefficient blood flow.
CIRCULATORY DISEASES CAN CAUSE THE FOLLOWING
Cardiovascular diseases, Vascular diseases
CATEGORIES OF DISEASES THAT AFFECT THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Cardiovascular diseases
which affect your heart and/or blood vessels.
Vascular diseases
which affect your blood vessels.
ANEURYSMS
Are weak spots in the walls of your arteries that can expand like a balloon.
ANEURYSMS
As they continue to get bigger, theyāre at risk for rupture (breaking open) or causing blood clots. Can occur in any artery (aortic aneurysms)
Fusiform, pseudoaneurysms, saccular, dissecting, ruptured
Types of aneurysms
ARRHYTHMIAS
Is an irregular or abnormal heartbeat. Prevent your heart from contracting and relaxing normally.
ARRHYTHMIAS
Atrial fibrillation is the most common type
supraventricular arrhythmias
Some begin in the upper chambers of the heart. These are called
ventricular arrhythmias
Others begin in the lower chambers of your heart These are called
Ventricular fibrillation
is a life threatening medical emergency because it can lead to sudden death.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Is the buildup of plaque in your arteries.
plaque
Over time, the _____ narrows your arteries and makes it harder for blood to flow through.
plaque
The _____ is also dangerous because it can rupture and trigger a blood clot
Carotid artery stenosis
plaque buildup in the arteries in your neck.
Coronary artery disease
plaque buildup in the arteries.
Peripheral artery disease
plaque buildup also in the arteries.
Plaque
is made up of deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste
Blood pressure
is a number that shows how forcefully blood flows through your blood vessels.
Hypertension
High blood pressure throughout the arteries in your body.
Hypotension
Low blood pressure throughout your body.
Portal hypertension
High blood pressure in the vein that carries blood from your intestines to your liver
Pulmonary hypertension
High blood pressure in the arteries that carry blood from your heart to your lungs
CARDIOMYOPATHY
Is a group of conditions that affect your heart muscle, leading to weakened heart squeeze. These conditions harm your heartās ability to pump blood.
Dilated cardiomyopathy
your heart chambers get bigger
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Your heart muscle gets thicker
Peripartum cardiomyopathy
our heart weakens late in pregnancy or soon after delivery
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Abnormalities in the anatomy of the heart. Refers to heart problems babies are born with. Is sometimes heritable
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
PDA