science 8 finals :scream:

a mix of chemicals that can only be broken down by chemical changes

anything that has mass and volume (takes up space)

a quality that can be observed without changing chemical identity

a quality that can only be observed when changing chemical identity, ability of matter to react with another substance to form a new substance(s)

a change of matter that does not change the chemical identity

change of matter that produces a new substance(s)

a property is a quality, a change is a change idk

d = m/v (mass/volume)

solid, liquid, gas

they slip and slide past each other

the atoms gain more energy and they move faster and farther apart

the atoms lose energy and move slower and closer together

g/ml or g/cm^3

when solid turns to gas

all matter has energy and all matter is constantly in motion

atoms

protons, neutrons, electrons

in the nucleus

in the nucleus

in the energy shells, surrounding the nucleus

none/neutral

positive

negative

it’s the atomic number, it represents how many protons there are in that element

it’s the atomic symbol

the atomic mass, which is # of protons + # of neutrons

10 protons, 10 electrons, 10 neutrons

a mix of things that can be separated by physical changes

a pure substance that cannot be broken down anymore (just trust me bro)

a row on the periodic table of elements that have the same number of electron shells

a column on the periodic table of elements that all have the same number of electrons on the outermost shell

group 1 on the periodic table

group 2 on the periodic table

group 17 on the periodic table

group 18 on the periodic table, and they are the most stable because they have full shells

electromagnetic radiation, light energy

radio waves, micro waves, infrared, visible light, uv rays, x-ray, gamma rays

cycle per second, each time the wave passes through the rest position

shadow model, shows light travels in a straight line and cant bend around objects

light shining through gaps and making a pattern, shows that light spreads out with wave-like properties

photons hitting metal, electrons only being given off at certain frequencies shows that light has to interact in packets of certain amounts of energy

waves that have the ability to detach electrons from atoms and giving them a charge, exposure can cause tissue and organ damage

light bounces off something

light energy is trapped

light passes through

path of light bends and speed of light changes (light bends towards the normal when moving into denser media and vice versa)

matter that light interacts with

no light is transmitted, light is either reflected or absorbed

some light is transmitted and scattered, some light is absorbed or reflected

all light is transmitted, a small amount of light is scattered

same distance, same size, upright, virtual

farther, larger, inverted, real

closer, smaller, inverted, real

farther, larger, upright, virtual

closer, smaller, upright, virtual

white light enters the raindrop and refracts, then reflects off the back of the raindrop where it starts to break into colors, then refracts more as light leaves the raindrop and splits fully

on a really hot day, air splits into layers by heat, with hot air closer to the ground. light refracts more and more at each hotter layer and eventually doesnt touch the ground and travels in a u shape until it hits our eyes. our eyes cant comprehend light bending so we see an image on the ground instead of the ground.

has at least one convex surface, is thicker in the center, used to correct hyperopia

has at least one concave surface, is thinner in the center, used to correct myopia

nearsightedness, caused by long eyeball or curved cornea, can be treated by diverging lens or laser eye surgery

farsightedness, caused by short eyeball or flat cornea, can be treated by converging lens or laser eye surgery

black part of eyeball on the outside that takes the light into the eye

colored circle of muscle, controls the amount of light entering the eye

clear film that covers the eye

the white of the eye

convex lens inside eye that focuses light to the retina

film on the back of the eye where an image is formed

controls the shape of the lens to adjust to distance

sends the image formed at the retina to the brain

clear gell that fills the inside of the eyeball and gives it shape

protein buildup in the lens that causes cloudy vision or loss of vision, can only be treated with surgery

elongated cornea, causes images to be blurry at all distances, can be treated by glasses, contact lenses, or laser eye surgery

theory proposed by alfred wegener that continents used to be connected because they were similar shapes, had similar fossils (ie fern fossils in all southern continents), similar mountains, and glacial striations/fossilized forests

man who proposed continental drift hypothesis

the supercontinent from 200 million years ago when all continents were connected

the theory that continents had always been where they were, widely regarded as fact until continental drift hypothesis

thin layer of solid rock surrounding the earth, has oceanic crust (made of basalt) and continental crust (made of granite). sometimes contains lithosphere

layer just below crust, very top of the upper mantle is solid and below is softer rock that can flow. contains lithosphere and asthenosphere

below upper mantle, made of denser rock

below lower mantle, made of iron and nickel, is liquid

center of the earth, below outer core, is made of iron and some nickel, temp >5000 degrees and is solid from the high pressure of above layers

mountain ridges along the ocean floor, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur

long, narrow valleys (depressions) in the ocean floor, can be thousands of km long and deep

the process of magma rising to the surface of ridges and forming new ocean crust. magma emerges in the center and pushes older crust to the sides and below other plates. explained how continents were able to move, because the rock and plates were moving beneath them.

when denser crust goes below the less dense crust

earths crust is made of tectonic plates that float ont the fluid rock in the mantle. the plates move very slowly. it explains seafloor spreading/continental drift, earthquakes, volcanoes, and formations of mountains.

outer layer of solid rock and plates composed of crust and part of the upper mantle, when plates interact it causes geological activity

the soft, flowy part of the upper mantle that is hot and behaves like plastic. this enables plates to move. tectonic plates float on top of it.

when tectonic plates separate and create new oceanic crust; can also occur in the middle of continents (continental rifting)

when two plates collide, subduction occurs and causes trenches, often induces earthquakes

oceanic plate goes beneath continental plate; may form mountains or volcanoes (from the release of pressure from the upper mantle)

subduction with ocean crust occurs, may form volcanic island arc and trenches

a belt of volcanoes that occur from plate oceanic plate convergence

no subduction occurs, one plate is shoved beneath the edge of the other and creates mountain ranges as the crust goes upwards

when two plates slide past each other; earthquakes are common

warmer, less dense material in the mantle rises as cooler, more dense material sinks; causes currents in the mantle and drags plates with it

new material pushes older material aside, causing tectonic plates to move apart (ex. magma hardening in the crust causing plates to move), occurs at diverging plate boundaries; includes seafloor spreading, continental rifting, and new rock formations

movement of plates downwards, occurs at converging plate boundaries where subduction may occur; responsible for mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes, and trenches

a natural movement or vibration when earth’s crust shifts. when pressure is applied on a plate too quicky or strongly, the rock will break in the form of an earthquake

the point where the movement in the rock during an earthquake occurs