APUSH Periods 1-2 SFI

Aztecs

Advanced civilization in Central America containing written language, irrigation, priests, cultivation of maize, and more.

Maya

Advanced civilization in the Yucatan Peninsula containing water storage, irrigation, stone temples, palaces, cultivation of maize, and more.

Inca

Advanced civilization in the Andes Mountains containing tones of people, cultivation of maize, and irrigation systems.

The Great Plains

Homes of nomadic and hunter gathering peoples, rather than sedentary folks.

Pacific Northwest

Homes of fishing and log house building peoples, rather than nomadic folks.

Mississippi Valley

Place where great societies formed because of fertile soil and agricultural conditions.

Spanish Exploration Motives

Population rebound after Black Plague, desire for luxurious goods, and political unification and overcoming the Moors.

Portugal

First country to try and find a sea passage to Asia because of Muslin land occupation. This country established trading posts down the coast of Africa on their journey.

Caravel

Nimble ships dedicated soley to trade used by the Portuguese.

Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain

Monarchs who unified Spain under Catholicsm who sponsored Christopher Columbus on his trip west, to find another route for trading with Asia.

The Caribbean San Salvador

Island Christopher Columbus landed on where he encountered natives. He then took the Native’s gold and a few people back to Spain to inform them of his findings.

Columbia Exchange

Widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres following the voyage to the Americas in 1492.

Hernan Cortez

Man who overtook to capital of the Aztecs with just 1000 men wand disease.

Middle Passage

The passage many African American slaves had to pass when arriving to the Americans as they begun to trade slaves.

Feudalism

A social and economic system that existed in medieval Europe. It was based on a hierarchy of lords and vassals who were bound by a system of mutual obligations.

Mercantilism

A form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power of a nation through restrictive trade practices. Assumed there was only a fixed amount of wealth in gold and silver.

African American Slavery

Increased because of Natives escaping, dying, religious justification, African American immunity, and more.

Encomienda System

A grant by the crown to a conquistador, a soldier, an official, or others of a specified number of Natives living in a particular area in return for protection of those peoples. The Natives were usually forced into Christianity.

New Spanish Caste System

Determined taxes and social treatment.

• Spanish born, Spanish born in American, Spanish and Native ancestry, Spanish and African ancestry, Africans, and Natives.

Mission System

A colonial institution used by the Spanish Empire to spread Christianity among the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to consolidate control over their territories.

Tools, Horses, Guns, Fur, etc.

Goods that demonstrated how Natives and the Spanish adopted parts of the others culture in order to advance their own.

Pueblo Revolt

The further adoption of God amongst their other gods by the Pueblo people angered the Spanish. The further singular conversion pushed by the Spanish was resisted with violence. This conflict ended with Pueblo victory, but the Spanish returned later.

Bartolome de las Casa

Spanish man we argued against the encomienda system and the increased force of Christianity onto natives during Spanish conferences held after the Pueblo Revolt. He suggested that the Natives be replaced with African Americans.

Samuel de Champlain

The first permanent French settlement in the Americans, or Quebec, was established by this man. The French were much more interested in (fur) trade and good relations.

Henry Hudson

The Dutch explorer stubbled across America and the Hudson River led to the creation of the New Amsterdam colony. This colony was Protestant and soley focused on economic motives.

English Colonizing Motivations

New economic desires from the wealthy and the enclosure movement causing families to move to America.

Enclosure Movement

The conversion of land that had formerly been owned in common by all members of a village into privately owned land.

Jamestown (Chesapeake Colony)

1st permanent British colony. Struck by famine and disease after colonies immediently began looking for gold on arrival.

Joint Stock Company

A business organization where multiple individuals or entities own shares of the company's stock, allowing for the distribution of ownership and profits among shareholders.

Tabaco

Crop brought from John Rolfe which saved the Jamestown colony. Increased demand for land also led to increased native conflicts.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Uprising by Virginia settlers against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. The rebellion was sparked by tensions between frontier settlers and the colonial government's perceived failure to protect them from Native American raids. Increased want for enslaved people from Africa, rather than indentured servants.

Puritans

English settlers who established communities based on their religious beliefs in the New England colonies. They sought to purify the Church of England and migrated mainly as familial groups.

Pilgrims

Puritan settlers who came to America for primarily economic opportunities they lacked in Puritan English societies.

The Caribbean

Where the British established some of their first permanent colonies. Growth and production of the labor intensive sugar grown here called for increased slavery and the creation of slave codes. These practices were replicated in the Southern colonies.

Middle Colonies

Colonies that were an export economy grew because of the vast amount of water ways and rivers. This increasing wealth lead to an wealthy class forming and a divide between social classes.

Willaim Penn

Quaker and pasivist who founded a colony who offered religious freedom for all and had relatively kind relations with the American Indians.

House of Burgesses

First legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America. It was established in the Virginia Colony in 1619 and was responsible for making laws and setting taxes.

Mayflower Compact

Document signed by the Pilgrims which established a self-governing agreement among the settlers to create and abide by laws for the good of the colony.

Triangular Trade

A system of trade routes where European ships carried manufactured goods to Africa, where they were traded for enslaved Africans. The enslaved Africans were then transported to the Americas and sold for raw materials such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton. These raw materials were then shipped back to Europe to be manufactured into finished goods.

Navigation Acts

Acts that required merchants to only trade with English colonies with English ships and that valuable items were to pass exclusively through British ports (where they were taxed).

Consumer Revolution

A period of time where there was a significant increase in the consumption of goods and services and the importance of wealth on your position in society.

Metacom/King Phillip’s War

Conflict between Native American tribes and English colonists in New England because of further land encroachment. This conflict resulted in the deaths of thousands of Native Americans and colonists, and it significantly weakened Native American resistance to English colonization in the region.

Slave Laws

Established slavery as a perpetual institution, defined African laborers as chattel, and became harsher as time went on.

Slavery Resitiance

Practicing cultural customs, maintaining belief systems, speaking native languages, rebellions, and more.

Stono Rebellion

A group of about 20 slaves march towards Florida, killed several white people and recruited more slaves to join their rebellion along the way. They killed several white people and was eventually suppressed by the local militia, and many of the slaves involved were executed.

The Enlightenment

A movement which emphasized rational thinking over and against tradition and religious revelation. This was spread through a increasing print culture which spread these ideas.

John Locke

English philosopher who is known for his ideas on natural rights, government, and the social contract.

Social Contract

Work by Jean Jaques Rousseau. Theoretical agreement between individuals and their government, in which the individuals agree to give up some of their freedoms in exchange for protection and security provided by the government.

Great Awakening

Religious revival movement that swept through the American colonies in the 1730/40s, characterized by emotional preaching and a focus on personal salvation. Led by Jonathon Edwards and George Whitefield.

Impressment

Practice used by the British Navy where they would forcibly recruit American sailors into their navy. Caused riots and increased American awareness of violations of natural rights.

Fundamental Order of Connecticut

Document that established a framework for the government of an American colony. It is considered to be the first written constitution in North America.

Yeoman Farmer

Small landowner who cultivated his own land and often had a family farm. Typically self-sufficient and did not rely on hired labor.

Headright System

Land distribution system that granted 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for their own or another person's passage to Virginia.