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define seizure
excessive electrical brain activity
list 5 possible causes of seizures
hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, toxicity, infectious disease
what are the 3 phases associated with a seizure?
pre-ictal, ictus, post-ictal
what behaviors would you expect in the pre-ictal phase?
hiding, anxiousness, pacing
what is status epilepticus?
prolonged seizures
what is the most common daily medication for sz?
phenobarbital
what is the goal of anticonvulsant therapy?
find a balance between animals needs and owners limits
define adjunct
addition to another med for the same purpose
what are the most common side effects of phenobarbital?
sedation and ataxia
what is a side effect of phenobarbital after a long period of time?
pu/pd
what is the drug of choice to treat an active sz and what route is it administered?
diazepam; IV + rectal
which 2 anticonvulsants require therapeutic drug level monitoring?
phenobarbital and bromides
which anticonvulsants are “liver safe”
bromides
why is behavior screening important during routine care for pets?
to fix behavior early
what is the difference between anxiety and fear?
anxiety is long term; fear is to a certain stimuli
what 3 main neurotransmitters generally targeted with behavior modifying drugs?
dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
how long does it take for antidepressant type drugs to reach full effect?
4-6 weeks
what is the increased risk with giving MAOIs and TCAs together?
serotonin syndrome
what is the mechanism of action for TCAs, how is this different from SSRIs?
decrease reuptake of serotonin and NE from synaptic cleft; SSRIs only block serotonin
what is the mechanism of action for MAOIs
breaks apart serotonin, dopamine, and NE; inhibiting breakdown
which antidepressants have FDA approval for behavior in vet med and what is the approved use?
reconcile and clomipramine for seperation anxiety and OCD
how is sileo administered?
a gel administered to mucus membranes
____ is a barbiturate (anticonvulsant) and is the DOC for sz
phenobarbital
____ and ____ are bromides (anticonvulsant) and are salts, are used adjunct, but you can’t use in cats
potassium bromide(KBr) and sodium bromide(NaBr)
____ and ____ are benzodiazepines (anticonvulsant) and are used to stop active sz, and have a high first pass effect
diazepam and midazolam
____ (keppra) is liver safe and usually used adjunct
levitracetam
____ sz control varies
gabapentin
MAOI stands for
monomine acidase inhibitor
SSRI stands for
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
TCA stands for
tricyclic antidepressants
____ are named for chemical structure, MOA: blocks reuptake of NE and serotonin,
TCAs
____ are FDA approved for seperation anxiety. drugs include: fluoxetine (prozac-human and reconcile-vet) and sertraline (zoloft)
SSRIs
____ enzyme is monoamine oxidase which breaks down serotonin, NE, and dopamine. drugs include: selegiline (anipryl) - old dog dementia and cushings
MAOIs
____ is an anxiolytic that has a complex action on serotonin, can be used daily or long term
trazodone
____ (dexmedatomidine) is applied transmucosal and is FDA approved for noise phobias, and is dosed in “dots”
sileo
____ is not considered an anxiolytic, it is a phenothiazine tranquilizer and can cause aggressive behavior in dogs
acepromazine
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