Studied by 1 personA generalized state of apprehension of foreboding is called?
Anxiety
Panic disorder
Type of anxiety disorder characterized by repeated episodes of intense anxiety or panic
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Persistent anxiety that is not limited to a particular situation
PTSD
Long term maladaptive response to stressor
OCD
Patterns of compulsive or repetitive behaviors that are associated with significant personal distress or impaired functioning
According to Freud, what do phobic disorders represent
Unconscious fears coming to the surface, failing lid
What is the statistical difference between men and women for panic attacks
Women have 2x more than men (women report it more)
What are the limitations of drug treatments for panic disorders
Drugs can only help calm the symptoms down, they do not cure
Specific phobia
Phobia that is specific to a particular object or situation
Social phobia
Excessive fear of social interactions or situation
Phobia
Fear of an object or situation that is disproportionate to the threat it poses
Agoraphobia
Fear of being out in the open in busy areas, many become household bound
When do social phobias generally begin
Age 15, usually due to school
Claustrophobia
Fear of tight spaces
Acrophobia
Fear of heights
From the psychodynamic perspective, how do anxieties develop
Threatened leakage of unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulses or wishes into conscious awareness
According to the psychodynamic perspective how do phobias develop
Phobic reaction is a projection of a person’s own threatening impulses into the phobic object
Systematic desensitization
A fear reduction process by means of exposure to progressively more fearful stimuli while remaining deeply relaxed. Stimuli are arranged in sequence call fear-stimulus hierarchy
As part of systematic desensitization, what must a phobic client learn
3 step process
Diaphragmatic breathing, develop hierarchy, breathing and showing hierarchy
Gradual exposure
Stepwise process of gradual confrontation to the object or situation that is feared
Flooding
Exposure to high levels of fear inducing stimuli
What drugs are used to treat different kinds of phobias
Antidepressants
Sertraline (zoloft)
Parozetine (paxil)-social anxiety
What do compulsions involve
A repetitive or ritualistic behavior that the person feels compelled to perform
What do obsessions represent in the psychodynamic perspective
Obsessions represent leakage of unconscious impulses into consciousness, compulsions help keep these impulses repressed
How do drugs like prozac work, what disorders are they used to treat
Increase availability of serotonin in the brain
Phobic disorders
Central feautures of GAD
Excessive worrying
Heightened states of bodily arousal
Tenses
Being on edge
How do cognitive behavioral therapists treat GAD
Use training in relaxation skills, learning to substitute adaptive for worrisome thoughts and decatastrophizing
Exposure with response prevention
Teaches tolerance of anxiety triggered by their obsessive thoughts while preventing compulsive rituals
Mood disorder
Psychological disorders characterized by usually severe or prolonged disturbances of mood
Bipolar Disorder
Characterized by mood swings between states of extreme elation and depression
Major depressive episode
A severe mood disorder characterized by major depressive episodes in the absence of mania or hypomania
Dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder)
Chronic depression lasting for at least 2 years
Cyclothymia
Chronic cyclical pattern of mild mood swings lasting at least 2 years
Hypomania
Mild to moderate mania
What is the most common diagnosable mood disorder
Major depression
Who is most likely to suffer from depressive disorder
Women (report it more)
Low SES
Family history
History of childhood sexual abuse
Younger people
Divorce
Postpartum Depression
Persistent and severe mood changes that occur after childbirth
Postpartum psychosis
Mothers lose touch with reality and experiences symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and irrational thinking
BPD 1
Applies to people who have had at least one full manic episode at some point in their lives
Symptoms of a manic episode
A period of unrealistically heightened euphoria, extreme restlessness, and excessive activity
Disorganized behavior, impaired judgement, extreme social behavior, overly demanding, rapid speech, inability to weigh consequences
Characteristics of cyclothymic disorder
Elevated or depressed mood not severe enough for diagnosis of bipolar disorder
How do psychodynamic theorists characterize depression
Depression represents anger directed inward
Cognitive triad of depression
Negative view of oneself
Negative view of the environment
Negative view of the future
Cognitive distortion
Tendency to magnify the importance of minor failures (Aaron Beck error of thinking)
How does Seligman believe that people learn to perceive themselves as helpless
Their experiences
Three dimensions of attributional style
Internal factors-failure reflect their personal inadequacies
Global factors-failures reflect sweeping flaws in personality
Stable factors-failures reflect fixed personality
Attributional style
Ways in which people explain the cause of events within their lives
There is a strong relationship b/w eating ____ and low rates of bipolar disorder
Fish
Suicide is most likely among whom
White and Native Americans
What is suspected of causing an increasing in the suicide rate in elderly
Older people are more susceptible to diseases such as cancer and Alzeheimers
The majority of suicides are apparently related to what
Stressful life events
What does suicide represent to psychodynamic theorists
Inward-directed anger that turns murderous
Most important predictor of suicide
Hopelessness about the future
If someone you know discloses that they are contemplating suicide, what should you do
Talk with them, suggest other coping mechanisms, get them to professional help
What percentage of those who actually committed suicide left clear clues beforehand
90%
What should you not do if someone is talking about killing themselves
Ignore them
Invalidate them
Be condescending
Case 1 (panic disorder)
Joe/Jose
Plane ride
Panic disorder and agoraphobia
Cognitive and behavioral therapy
Case 2 (OCD)
Triggered by attempted sexual assault
Exposure and response therapy
Constant checking if things were unplugged, driving back and making sure she didn’t hit anybody
Case 5 (MDD)
Carlos
Cousin recently passed from heart attack, worried about it happening to him
Depression
Antidepressant
Hospitalized
Psychotherapy
Depression→ major depression disorder
Case 6 (BPD)
Gina
Involved in theater
Hospitalized in high school (manic to depressed)
Anti depressants led to second manic episode
Age 32 started new treatment
Bipolar 1
Back and forth with using and not using lithium
Insight-oriented therapy→ problems with her parents
Atypical anti-psychotics
Note
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