Tags & Description
Oxidant
A compound which oxidizes other compounds
Pro-Oxidant
A compound which promotes oxidization
Anti-Oxidant
A compound which inhibits/reverses oxidization
Radical
Any atom that contains one or more orbital electrons with unpaired spin states
In-Vivo
"Within the living"
Biological studies that are done testing whole living organisms (could be animals, plants or humans)
In-Vitro
"Within the glass"
Studies on microorganisms, cells or biological molecules usually use test tubes, Petri dishes etc.
In-Vitro antioxidants (also dietary antioxidants)
Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Selenium, carotenoids
(More research is required to verify)
Function of Radical species
Everything we do creates free radicals (eat, exercise, breath)
They potentially play beneficial roles in reactions to viruses and bacteria (minimal)
Generally, they are harmful and we need to counteract them by eating fruits and vegetables.
Attack polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipoproteins and cell membranes (interfering with cellular transport systems)
Damage cell proteins
Can cause DNA mutations
Vitamin C
Needs Vitamin D for absorption
Water soluble
Body can only maintain 22mg/kg of body weight of Vitamin C (rest will be removed from body)
RDA/DRI for Vitamin C
Males = 90 mg
Females = 75 mg
Smokers must ADD 35 mg/day
UL = 2000 mg
Functions of Vitamin C
Preventing scurvy disease (famous)
Production of collagen
Enzyme Cofactor - for reactions requiring reduced metal ions, neurotransmitter synthesis, etc
Reducing power (ability to donate e-) makes it an effective antioxidant for scavenging radical species
Regenerates other antioxidants
Food sources of Vitamin C
Citrus
Tomatoes
Brussels sprouts
Cauliflower
Broccoli
Strawberries
Cabbage
Spinach
Potatoes
Carotenoids
600 carotenoids (34 in humans)
Best Biochemical marker of fruit and vegetable intake (via blood test)
Fat-soluble
Functions of carotenoids
Has pro-vitamin A activity
Carotenoids contribute to making vitamin A
Food sources of Carotenoids
Colourful fruits/veggies
Papaya, peach, melon, yam, squash, carrots, peppers, spinach
Functions of Vitamin E
Prevents oxidation (Synergistic action from selenium in protecting cell membranes from oxidation)
May protect low density lipoprotein from oxidation (oxidative damage associated with CVD, and other diseases)
Important antioxidant for lung cells
Absorption and Excretion of Vitamin E
Fat soluble
Bioavailability estimated at 30%
Absorption: In small intestine
Chylomicrons deliver Vitamin E to the liver -> forming part of Very low density Lipoprotein (cholesterol) and travels to tissues
Excretion: Through feces (low intestinal absorption), sometimes through skin
Deficiency of Vitamin E
Primary deficiency = rare (due to malabsorption, genetic mutations)
Symptoms: peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, erythrocyte hemolysis (breaking down polyunsaturated fats in red blood cell membranes, causing red blood cell to degrade (hemolytic anemia)
Food sources of Vitamin E
In foods that contain fat
Vegetable oils & spreads: sunflower, safflower, canola, olive
Vegetables, meat, fish, poultry
DRIs for Vitamin E
RDA: Men/women 19-50 yrs = 15 mg/day
UL (19+) 1000 mg/day of any form of supplementary alpha-tocopherol
Functions of Selenium
Needed for production of selenoproteins (14 known) which contribute to antioxidant defense systems
Regulate thyroid hormone action
Regulate redox status of Vitamin C
Food sources of Selenium
Muscle meats
Animal flesh
Animal organs (liver)
Deficiency of Selenium
Very rare
Some evidence found of association with CVD in areas with low soil levels
Selenelosis
Selenium Toxicity
Symptoms; Hair and nail brittleness and loss, garlic breath odour, GI problems
Acute Toxicity for Selenium (symptoms)
Severe GI and Neurological problems
DRIs for Selenium
RDA Males/females 19-50 yrs = 55 mcg/day
UL (19+) = 400 mcg/day
Excess Vitamin C supplementation
Lead to hampered endurance capacity
Excess Vitamin E supplementation
Immunity study → NO difference in race times, Supplementation PROMOTED lipid inflammation.
Excess Vitamin C and E supplementation
Combined study PLACEBO group → MORE lean mass
Function of Water
Delivers nutrients and removes waste
Lubricant & cushion (i.e. joints, eyes)
Medium for chemical reactions
Major constituent of blood volume
Removing heat from the body
Body Water
~50-60% of the human body is water
3 grams of water is stored for every gram of glycogen
~ 70% of muscle tissue is water
Intracellular (65%)
Extracellular (35%)
Intravascular (in blood vessels)
Intercellular
DRIs for Water
Individualized approach
3.7 L for men daily
2.7 L for women daily
Caveats of water DRIs
Caveat 1: 20% of this requirement can come from food
Caveat 2: All fluids (Milk, juice, soft drinks, caffeinated beverages) count towards this requirement
Caveat 3: The requirement assumes normal activity
Alcohol
Class 1 carcinogen
Associated with 7 cancers
Smaller connections to: Pancreatic, gastric and lung cancers
Coffee and Water (study)
Studies show coffee consumption provided similar hydrating qualities to water
Hyperthermia
Going above normal temperature (~37*C)
40*C is rare
44*C is DEATH