A&P CH. 1

study of body structure, cells, bones, organs

study of function, the function of a structure and how it performs it

sense a change and react to it

send a message from one part of the body to another

ncrease in number (bones) or size (muscles) of cells

exchange gases

breakdown complex foods to be used as fuel

delivery of substances in body

removal of waste

movement of nutrients into cells

movement of body fluids

create new individuals

smallest functional unit in human, trillions of cells

cells become different

carry out one function

groups of similar cells that work together

cover, line and protect, skin

connects structures, ligaments, tendons, bone, blood

moves stuff, cardiac (heart), skeletal (bones), smooth (gut)

communicates

groups of tissues that work together

groups of organs that work together

outer protection

support and movement

support and movement

communication

communication

transportation

transportation

regulation and maintenance

regulation and maintenance

regulation and maintenance

reproduction

groups of organ systems that work together

he size, shape and placement of a structure is related to what it does

primary function is to bring food to mouth

pumps blood, 4 hollow chambers surrounded by muscle that when muscles contract pump blood

muscle that lifts the shoulder

the body has the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment as outside conditions change

temp, body fluid, blood sugar, gas concentration

homeostasis is not rigid, conditions may vary but body can keep it relatively constant

normal range for body conditions

set point is 98.6, but range may vary and still be healthy

internal system that constantly monitors internal condition, sensor. Sends messages to an integrator that compares incoming information with set point range, brain. If a change needs to be made, sends a message out to body to correct the change if it gets beyond set point range.

mostly nerve cells that monitor condition and senses changes in condition

Usually the brain. Receives afferent messages about condition and compares to set point range. If change needs to be made, sends an efferent message, from brain to body, about what change to make

Usually muscles or glands. Receives efferent message from brain about what change to make to bring condition back to set point range

opposes a change, reverses the condition

does not return to normal, reinforces change, pushes variable beyond normal

during labor, stretch receptors in birth canal are stretched by movement of baby. Muscles in birth canal sends messages to brain about increased stretch. Rather than reduce muscle contraction, brain releases hormone, Oxytocin, which travels to uterus to increase muscle contractions to push baby out.

used as a reference point to describe body

• Standing, eyes and toes forward, palms up.

humans exhibit bilateral symmetry, body can divided into mirror halves that are balanced in size and shape

body parts on same side of body

parts are on opposite side

belly

back

brain and skull

spinal cord

toward head

toward feet

front ventral

back dorsal

toward midline

toward side

toward nearest point of attachment

away from point of attachment

near surface

away from surface

planes that divide body into segments

lengthwise plane, divides body into rt and lt halves

lengthwise plane, divides body ant. to post.

crosswise, upper and lower half.