Studied by 12 peopleAnthropology
Study the relationship between biologically and socially acquired characteristics
Economics
Study of how humans satisfy unlimited wants and needs with limited resources
Geography
Study of how the natural environment influences social and cultural development
History
Study of past events to understand them and relate them to the present
Political Science
Study of social arrangements to maintain peace and order within society
Psychology
Study of human thoughts and behaviors on an individual behavior
Sociology
Studies the relationships among people and the group characteristics
what is true about Evolution and Creation theories?
Neither theory is completely proven
purpose of physical anthropology
Find the origins of human society
origin of the human species
Africa
what we learned from moths during industrial rev.
A change in an environment can result in the evolution of species living there
what primate are we closest in DNA and behavior
Chimpanzees
largest difference between primates and man
Abstract/Advanced Reasoning
similarities between primates and man
have family life, care for young ; express emotional responses (gratitude, shame, sociable, & cooperative) and compete and engage in play
how do we fill in fossil gaps
genetic studies
abrupt internal change in a gene
Mutation
Process of adapting to your environment and producing more offspring
natural selection
walking on two legs
bi-pedalism
Passed on by parents and creates genes
alleles
study of heredity
genetics
Discovered Lucy or Australopithecus Aferensis
donald johanson
Credited with finding Homo-Habilis
Mary & Louis Leakey
Studied chimpanzees in their natural environment
Jane Goodall
Believed to be what split the apes from the hominids
Australopithecus Afarensis
Upright Man
Homo-Erectus
Reasoning Man
Homo-Sapiens
Tool Maker
Homo-Habilis
Very similar to humans but shorter and less intelligent
neanderthal
Skull capacity was similar to humans but shorter than Neanderthals
Cro-Magnons
purpose of cultural anthropology
Study socially acquired characteristics in order to learn how society developed
A body of individuals living as members of a community is a definition of a(n):
Society
________ emphasizes the shared aspects of culture of subcultures, whereas ________ emphasizes the differences in culture among subcultures
Monoculturalism, Multiculturalism
______ is an unusual way of behaving
taboo
what is people's customs and rules for living based on a pattern of legal concepts
social norm
what is it called when you’re cheering for teams in Detroit when you live in Chicago
Convention
what is not a culture object or artifact
A high school education
lements of society that are common to all cultures are called
cultural universals
describe Yanamamo/Yanamami
The Yanomami are an indigenous people living in the Amazon rainforest, primarily in Brazil and Venezuela, known for their unique culture and traditional way of life.
cultural diffusion
existence of McDonald’s restaurants throughout China, France, India and Australia
what are factors prevent change?
value attachment, stability of social norms, & cultural alternatives
“vested interest” relates to:
value attachment
Cultural Lag
9 month school year being based on an agricultural economy ; Inability to control “sexting” with the development of cell phones ; Inability to control Cyber-bullying through the internet, phones, and other electronic mediums
For a social problem to exist, which of the following criteria must be present
People believe the problem must change
The idea that all cultures are equally valid is
cultural relativism
attitude that describes american that feels american life is superior than all others
ethnocentrism
historical event spurred the field of Sociology
industrial revolution
topics sociologist study
socialization and deviance ; the family and education systems ; & gender and ethnicity
sociologist associated with survival of the fittest
Herbert Spencer
father of sociology
August Comte
First to publish a book in France studying moral statistics
Guerry
sociologist interested in what united people into groups
Max Weber
sociologist that studied crime and deviance
Emile Durkheim
social structure
statuses and roles
ascribed roles
gender & ethnicity
reciprocal roles
Being both a parent and a child
role sets
A parent being expected to be a caregiver, provider, teacher, etc.
socialization
process where we learn to relate to family members, classmates. And learn social norms.
control theory
Deviant behavior comes from our natural desire to rebel
Differential Association Theory
Deviant behavior occurs because two groups have opposing social norms
Illegitimate Opportunity Theory
Crime is all around us but different social classes have different types of crime
labeling theory
Deviant behavior occurs because people are labeled in a negative way
strain theory
Deviance is a necessary part of society that promotes social unity and social change
american family description
compromised of a father, mother, one or more children, father works and mother stays home, makes up 10% of population
family today vs 100 years ago
More people are living together without becoming married; Same-sex marriages are legal in some countries
Ways family vary throughout the world
Family Control (Patriarchy, matriarchy, etc.) ; Selection of Mates (arranged or personal choice)
monogamy
being in relationship with one other person (male and female)
Changes in the family during the last century
single family homes, 1 children is the norm
characteristics of sex and singles
Codes of sexual behavior may vary by culture ; The 1960’s Sexual revolution created a more relaxed attitude toward casual sexual behavior today ; The fear of sexually transmitted diseases is reducing sexual activity
factors affecting happiness with senior citizens during retirement
join a club/group. work/volunteer for part time job ; be flexible and try new things, focus on being social throughout environment
% of first marriages to end in a divorce
40%
characteristics of the singles' class in the USA
increased last 20 years ; those who dont marry are divorcees ; stimulated the growth of health clubs, clubs and bars, and dating services, relatively new class
rights fought by gays and lesbian started fighting for in the 1960s
Receive their partner’s employment benefits (health insurance); Adopt or receive the custody of children; Right to inherit their partner’s property after the partner’s death; Visitation rights for their partners in hospitals
unions between heterosexuals and homosexuals can be recognized as
marriage
technologies that have affected the families functioning
Contraceptives (birth control, condoms, etc.) have determined when and if people have families ; Labor-saving devices in the home (Fridges, vaccums, etc.)
The parents never set a curfew and the child returns home whenever they choose
laissez-faire (permissive)
This type of parenting is best if the child is growing up in tough, troubled areas, such as the ghetto.
Authoritarian
Resembles that of a democratic society
Authoritative
most religions include
A belief in God or gods ; Some concept of an after life ; Some theory of salvation
religion with the adherents
Christianity
describe Hinduism
it has no founder ; it has no distinct creeds ; it has no unique path to salvation
Buddhism was founded by
Shakyamuni Gautama
The Protestant Reformation led to
a considerable period of religious and political turmoil
what is the Koran or Quran
The scriptures of the Moslems
education includes
efforts to learn, teach beliefs, ways of life, values, knowledge and skills
purpose of formal education
Transmitting knowledge and skills ; socialization ; social control ; developing individuality
dual thrust of American education
idea that schools should foster the development of both individuality and the socialization of students
the impact of New England colonies on education
idea that all citizens of a democracy should be taught reading, writing, and arithmetic
A system that separates those children who will go on to college or university education from those who will not and that provides a different type of education or each is a:
dual system
describe education in China
Students attend school many hours ; Most school buildings are shabby and ill-equipped by Western standards ; Competition is intense ; Parents exert pressure on their children to excel academically
describe community colleges
prepare students to enter a four-year college or university in their junior year ; increased in number greatly after World War II ; provide various types of vocational training
describe vocationalists
argue that courses should provide skills needed in business
describe private schools
have always been a part of the U.S. educational system
Note
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