HUSH Ch. 16-18 Test

Explosive economic growth

US transforms from small farms → world’s largest industrial society

Railroad expansion creates national market

New inventions

Cutthroat business competition

Captains of industry

Great social/economic inequities

Gilded Age era’s greatest inventor

New industries transforming private life, public entertainment, economic activity

Invented the lightbulb

• Spread of electricity central to industrial/urban growth bc reliable/flexible power source

Legal device where a single director managed affairs of several rival companies

Intended to alleviate business competition

Industrial leaders

Derogatory term for industrial leaders

• Abused power w/o democratic control

• Dictatorial, repressive labor policies

Financier

Helped create US Steel with Andrew Carnegie by combining eight large steel companies into the first billion-dollar economic enterprise

Dominated the oil industry

Began with horizontal expansion (buying out competitors) → vertical integration

Standard Oil Company

Gave much $ away to fund foundations promoting education and medical research

Problems with unfair labor

Rockefeller’s monopoly over the oil industry

Controlled 90% of US oil industry by 1880s

AKA “the Commodore”

Captain of industry/robber baron who got rich off of railroads and shipping

Founded United States Steel Corporation (US Steel)

Believed rich are morally obligated to promote society’s advancement & distributed much $ to philanthropies and public libraries

Dictatorial — factories operated nonstop w/ two 12 hour shifts everyday

Belief that rich are morally obligated to promote society’s advancement & distributed much $ to philanthropies and public libraries

Carnegie’s monopoly over steel industry

Used vertical integration

Most tech advanced steel factories in world

System where every phase/aspect of business is controlled (e.g. factories, railroads, train cars, workers, managers, all under same company)

When a company buys out/”eats” competitors

Wrote novel “The Gilded Age” about great economic growth but also corruption of politics by corporations & oppressive treatment of working class

Inspired naming of the Gilded Age

1870-1890

Deep social divisions

Second Industrial Revolution

Freedom compromised by industrialization

Idea of natural superiority of some groups to others reemerged to explain success/failure of individuals/social classes

Charles Darwin’s 1859 On the Origin of Species — theory of evolution, where those best suited to their environment took places of those less able

“Natural selection,” “struggle for existence,” and “survival of the fittest” entered public discussion of social problems — said evolution (giant industrial corps rising because better adapted to environment than other previous forms) was natural part of human society, so gov shouldn’t interfere

Widespread view that poor were responsible for own fates and that failure to advance in society meant lack of character

Most influential __ist was Yale professor William Graham Sumner, believed in survival of the fittest, that government should only protect, not interfere

Popularized negative freedom (limited gov, unrestrained free market)

• As long as labor relations were governed by freely made contracts, then gov/unions can’t interfere, & workers had no grounds to complain of no freedom

• Free labor became defense for capitalist market

Supreme Court case that voided state law establishing max work hours for bakers

1877

Showed strong worker solidarity & the close ties between Republicans and new industrialists

President Rutherford B. Hayes ordered army into the North to put down strikers by force

Afterwards, fed gov made armories in major cities so that troops could keep future labor problems in check

Labor organization led by Terence V. Powderly

First group that organized unskilled/skilled workers, women/men, black/white

Strikes, boycotts, political action, educational/social activities

Effort to reform Protestant churches by expanding appeal to poor urban neighborhoods, becoming more attentive to social ills (some in Catholic churches tried this too)

Established missions, relief programs, advocate against poverty, child labor, for better working-class housing

May 3, police killed 4 strikers → next day, a rally in __ Square protesting the killings. Someone threw a bomb into the crowd, killing a policeman, causing police to open fire. Police later raided offices of labor and radical groups, arresting their leaders.

Employers used __ to paint labor movement as dangerous, un-American, violent, controlled by foreign-born radicals

8 anarchists, most foreign-born, called __ martyrs, charged w/ weak evidence for carrying out bombing

Leader of the Nez Percé Indians

O. O. Howard led troops against Nez Percé Indians who were trying to escape to Canada after fights with settlers

Howard forced them to surrender, removed to Oklahoma and Washington

Petitioned unsuccessfully for rest of his life for Nez Percé to return to their home

June 1876

Most famous native victory

General George A. Custer/his men all died against Sioux and Cheyenne warriors led by Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse defending tribal land in Black Hills of Dakota

Him and his men died fighting against Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse at the Battle of Little Bighorn

Passed in 1887

Named after Senator Henry L. __ (chair of Senate’s Indian Affairs Committee)

Broke up tribal land, distributed bits to native families, auctioned off rest to white ppl

• Natives who accepted the farms and assimilated would become full citizens

Led to loss of tons of tribal land and erosion of native culture

Land rushes — white settlers poured into the opened territory

Supreme Court case in 1884

Showed that Civil Rights Act, 14/15 Amendments didn’t apply to natives who were rarely recognized as citizens

John __ born in Indian Territory but left tribe, worked/paid taxes in Omaha, failed to claim citizenship/register to vote after SC rejected appeal, questioned whether any natives had really been “civilized” enough to be citizens

Religious revitalization campaign

Foresaw future w/o white people, return of buffalo, natives could practice customs “free from misery, death, and disease,” singing, dancing, religious observances

Gov feared uprising due to Ghost Dance campaign and sent troops to reservations, killing 150-200 natives in __ Creek on December 29, 1890

Widely applauded in press, troops were exonerated, twenty soldiers even awarded Medal of Honor

Marked end of 4 centuries of armed conflict between natives and white settlers

New image of the West as the Wild West — lawless, cowboys, Indians, gunfights, cattle drives, stagecoach robberies, violent yet romantic frontier

Inspired Hollywood movies/medias like __’s Wild West Show

• Reenactments of battles w/ natives, buffalo hunts, native rituals, etc.

• Didn’t depict reality of the West

Native American leader

Alongside Crazy Horse, he led Sioux and Cheyenne warriors in the Battle of Little Bighorn

President Garfield’s assassination by disappointed office seeker led to this act

Merit system for federal employees, appointment via exams, not political influence — first step in removing officeholding from control of political machines

Established by Congress in 1887

Made sure railroads charged farmers/merchants at reasonable rates (no favoring)

First federal agency intended to regulate economic activity, but bc no power to establish rates on own, could only sue companies, made little impact

Passed in 1890

Banned practices restraining free trade, but language was vague, making it impossible to enforce

Prevented business mergers that stifled competition

Formed in late 1870s

Proposed “subtreasury plan”

• Fed gov to make warehouses for farmers to store crops until sold, issue loans w/ low interest rates to farmers, end farmer dependence on bankers/merchants

Became the people’s party/populists in 1890s

Appealed to producing classes — farmers, miners, industrial workers, mostly cotton/wheat belts in S/W

Vision of America as commonwealth of small producers where land ~ freedom

Tried to unite S black/white small farmers for common political/economic program bc of common grievances & goals, also to break Democrats' hold on S

Engaged many women from farm/labor backgrounds & endorsed woman suffrage

Joined with Democrats to support William Jennings Bryan for presidency

Wanted to expand $ supply and reduce farmers’ debt by using silver

Wanted gov owned railroads and controlled shipping rates

Wanted progressive income tax

Prominent female organizer, campaigner, and strategist for the Populists

May 1894

Band of hundreds of unemployed men under Jacob Coxey

Marched to Washington demanding economic relief

Fed gov deployed soldiers to disperse them

Protest for reduction in wages in __, Illinois

American Railway Union members refused to handle trains with __ cars -- the boycott crippled national rail service

President Grover Cleveland’s attorney general Richard Olney ordered strikers back to work, fed troops occupied railroad centers

Supreme Court case In re Debs approved use of injunctions against strikes & sentenced union leaders to jail, including union president Eugene V. Debs

Jailed for leading Pullman Strike

At the forefront of socialist movement, preached economic freedom across nation, won 900k+ votes for president in 1912 as socialism became very popular

Political equality economic freedom, against classes

Won Democratic nomination after his “Cross of gold” speech, called for “free coinage” of silver (unrestricted minting), condemned the gold standard

Very religious, strong influence from Social Gospel, vision of gov helping ordinary Americans, went on nationwide speaking tour to rally support

Opposed the Philippine War for being “un-American” (crushing Filipino goal of liberty/self gov)

Ran (and lost) 3 times for president

• Support from south/west

Nominated by Republicans for the Election of 1896

• Carried the industrial northeast/midwest

Imperialism:

• Ordered Congress to declare war against Spain in Cuba conflict

• Didn’t want to return the Philippines to Spain or give independence -- believed it was US duty to “uplift and civilize” Filipino ppl

• Granted Cuba independence only after forcing them to uptake the Platt Amendment (Authorized US to intervene militarily whenever it wanted & gave permanent lease on naval stations in Cuba to US)

Won 1900 reelection due to recovered economy and patriotism from pro-imperialists

Passed in 1900 during McKinley’s presidency

Established fixed rate (standard) at which paper money could be exchanged for gold

Aimed to aid business/creditor confidence and recover from economic depression

Dream/promise of prosperity from industrial expansion & agricultural diversification

Reality: overall, South went into poverty

1879/80

Migration of 40-60k black ppl to Kansas for freedom & economic opportunity

Supported by Benjamin “Pap” Singleton

Idealistic image of Kansas as land of rural plenty, but most black migrants ended up as unskilled laborers

Most black ppl had to stay in South — more jobs in North, but black ppl excluded from them

Founded in 1896

Advocated for women’s rights & racial uplift, right of black women to be seen just as “respectable” as white women instead of being 2nd class citizens

Gave the speech “Atlanta Compromise”

Born a slave

Headed Tuskegee Institute in Alabama

Urged not to fight segregation, appeal to white employers as docile black worker rather than unionized white worker

Believed fighting white power head-on impossible, focus on building up segregated communities

Given by Booker T. Washington at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition in 1895

Black ppl should abandon fight for civil/political rights, focus on getting farms/jobs rather than citizenship

School located in Alabama

Headed by Booker T. Washington

Provided vocational education (education focused on training for a job)

American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist

Agitation for basic, civil, political, and educational rights, for black ppl to be recognized as full members of US society (contrast w/ Booker T. Washington)

Wrote The Souls of Black Folk

Founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Law where descendants of people who could vote pre-CW would be exempted from voting eligibility tests (literacy, understanding the Constitution, etc)

Indirect way to eliminate black votes

Taking away people’s voting rights

Mainly targeted black people

Poor/illiterate white people also affected

Thanks to the Supreme Court’s approval of __ laws, by 1940, only 3% of adult black southerners were registered to vote

1896

Supreme Court case that invalidated the Civil Rights Act (1875) by approving state laws for segregated facilities

“Separate but equal”

Decision was 7-1

• Lone dissenter John Marshall Harlan said segregation violated liberty & right to participate equally in US society

Afterwards, states passed laws for segregation in all aspects of S life

Arose from Plessy v. Ferguson case

Phrase used to justify segregation

Even so, black facilities were not actually “equal” to white counterparts -- either didn’t exist or were much worse

Violence by white people to achieve the political goal of reenforcing the racial hierarchy

Lynchings, pogroms

Extra judicial murder by mob, most victims black men, 4k+ victims 1880-1950

Sometimes in secret, sometimes advertised as major events to attract big crowds, a community crime

Many victims accused of having raped/assaulted a white woman as justification

Nation’s leading antilynching activist

Born a slave

Condemned lynching, which caused a mob to destroy her newspaper, Memphis Free Press

By late 1800s, Southern governments put up monuments dedicated to __

Reimagined version of the past that romanticized slavery, the Old South, and the Confederacy

Other aspects of past changed too

• CW remembered as a war of “brother against brother” where black ppl played no role

• Slavery remembered as a minor issue of CW, Reconstruction as regrettable “Negro rule”

Immigrants from Southern & Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary)

Large influx in 1890s, seeking jobs in US industrial centers

Stereotyped as distinct “races” who weren’t as civilized, justifying low wages & crime

Founded 1894

Wanted to block illiterate immigrants, blamed “new immigrants” for crime, poverty, unemployment, inability to take part in democracy

• Congress blocked illiterates in 1897 (later vetoed by Pres Grover Cleveland)

• Law in 1903 barred “idiots, insane ppl, epileptics, paupers, anarchists”

• Excluded Chinese immigrants → precedent for racialized immigration policy

Passed 1882

Congress excluded all Chinese immigrants

• First time race used to exclude entire group of ppl

• Made permanent in 1902

Chinese in US needed to register w/ gov & carry ID papers or be deported

Supreme Court case in 1898

Ruled that children of Chinese immigrants born in US are citizens (bc of 14th amendment)

But also ruled that Congress is allowed to set racial restrictions on immigration

Fall of Knights of Labor & rise of __ in 1890s showed shift from reformist past to more limited goals

Homestead and Pullman strikes showed that confronting large corporations was suicidal

Led by Samuel Gompers

“Business unionism”: Focus on getting higher wages/better working conditions through cooperation w/ employers rather than utopian “cooperative commonwealth”

1890s, union membership rose but became less inclusive

• Restricted to skilled workers, excluding vast majority of unskilled workers, black ppl, women, new immigrants

Focused on sectors of economy under small businesses rather than big industries

Founder/president of the American Federation of Labor

Believed labor movement should focus on getting higher wages/better working conditions rather than aim for a utopian “cooperative commonwealth”

Last ruler of Hawaii before being annexed by US

His New York Journal & Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World were called the “yellow press”

His New York World & William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal were called the “yellow press”

Newspapers promoting patriotic/nationalistic sentiment during US’s #imperialismphase

The US battleship bombed on Feb 15, 1898

• 270 people died

During time of Spain & Cuba’s conflict

US believed Spain sent the explosion

Spain rejected US demand for cease-fire and Cuban independence → President McKinley asked Congress to declare war

Led by Theodore Roosevelt on the charge up San Juan Hill — most publicized land battle of the Spanish-American War

Cuba was granted independence only after McKinley forced the new government to approve the __ to Cuban constitution

• Authorized US to intervene militarily whenever it wanted to

• Gave permanent lease on naval stations in Cuba to US

Set by Secretary of State John Hay

Asked Europe to grant equal access to American exports in new commercial spheres of influence in China

Initially welcomed US intervention

• Way to escape Spain’s power

• Large planters wanted access to US markets

• Nationalists & labor leaders admired democracy, social reform, self gov

Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo established provisional government after Dewey’s victory against Spain in Manila Bay

McKinley wanted US to stay in control of Philippines → Filipinos turn against US and the __ starts

• Longer and bloodier than Spanish-American War

US control of Philippines — modernizing w/ railroads, harbors, US teachers and public health officials, modern agriculture — under guise of helping “little brown brothers”

US policies served local elites, poverty to majority of rural population

1901-1904

Supreme Court cases that held that the Constitution does not fully apply to US’s newly acquired territories

Abandoned American sentiments: no tax w/o rep & gov by the people

Formed by opponents of US imperialism

• Members: social reformers who believed US should focus on domestic issues, businessmen concerns about costs of maintaining overseas outpost, racists who didn’t want non-white ppl in US

• Believed America’s mission is to set an example of self government

Broad group of people who wanted to bring change

Advocated for workers’ voices, labor activists

Female reformers

Social scientists applying research to social problems

Middle class fearing big businesses

Individual fulfillment and self-determination

Unsparing approach to social ills

Described unsanitary slaughterhouses and rotting meat

Led to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Example of “muckraking”

American writer, investigative journalist, biographer and lecturer

She was one of the leading “muckrakers” of the Progressive Era

Ally of labor movement, appointed by Wilson into supreme court

You can’t have “industrial slavery” in a nation of “political liberty”

Supported unions

Public ownership of major enterprises

Recognition of labor unions and suffrage, free college

Public ownership of railroads and factories - democratic control over economy

Rejected American Federation of Labor (too exclusive and most privileged)

Trade union, advocate workers revolution to seize means of production

Mobilize those excluded from AFL, worked on solidarity

Negotiation between employer and group of employees who want better conditions

Mass strikes among immigrant workers

Idea that strikes should be organized on democratic basis

• IWW printed posters in multiple languages, insisted all ethnic groups be represented in committees

Lawrence Massachusetts children’s strike

Union had only constitution, other side had bayonets

Jailed at 83 after addressing striking Colorado miners

Fiery supporter of worker unions

Woman’s emancipation

Attacked traditional rules of sexual behavior

Lithuanian immigrant

Lectured on various subjects, mainly emphasized birth control

Challenged laws banning contraceptive information and devices

Wrote newspaper columns and in her own journal about sex education

Started clinic

Feminist movement

More knowledge about women choosing whether they will be a mother or not

Bodily autonomy and right to choose when to be a mother central to freedom

Became blind and deaf as an infant

Advocated radically for persons with disabilities, as well as birth control, socialism, female suffrage, laborer rights, world peace, member of IWW

Brought together native american intellectuals of many tribal backgrounds

Discussed plights, goal to gain public exposure, no white control

Pan-Indian

Founder of Society of American Indians

Outspoken critic of federal indian policy

Called for abolition of bureau of indian affairs in his newsletter

Forerunner of native american radicalism

Against outsiders having so much control over them and supported self-determination, but also wanted full citizenship and rights of americans

Effective freedom — power to do specific things

Government act on behalf of those with little wealth/power

• Powerful government was not necessarily threat to freedom

• Govt could be activist and socially conscious

Supported pragmatism

Founded New School for Social Research

• Scientifically evaluating public policy

Policies judged by their practical effects, not longevity or relation to traditional religious or political beliefs

Experience over doctrine

U.S. senators elected directly by voters and not state legislatures

• Good for progressives who wanted to expand scope of democracy

• Contradictory to progressive ideals that wanted to restrict democracy to “fit” voters

Most prominent female reformer

Founded Hull House in Chicago

• Settlement house to offer social services to immigrant poor

• Inspired array of Chicago reforms like sanitation, building codes, shorter/safer labor, labor union rights

Govt action, not just social work, is essential to fix national problems

Not elitism anymore, broad coalition

Unionists, socialists, settlement house workers

Women in public sphere, new spirit of militancy, advertising

Promoted women’s child bearing and rearing abilities for economic independence

Gov should encourage simultaneous motherhood & economic independence — won support from feminists & ppl who supported traditional gender roles

American Quaker, suffragist, feminist, and women's rights activist

One of the main leaders and strategists of the campaign for the 19th amendment

Radical member of the Temperance Movement

Noted for attacking alcohol-serving establishments with a hatchet

6 feet tall and super strong

1908 Supreme Court decision

• held that state interest in protecting women could override liberty of contract

Arguments were kinda sus

• Louis D Brandeis used scientific and sociological studies to show that women were weaker than men and couldn't withstand the same long hours and hard labor

• Said it was in governments interest to protect women because they bore children

Naturalist who organized Sierra Club

• Preserve forests from uncontrolled logging

• Religious connection between nature and god

Inspired by transcendentalism, lamented industrialization against nature

Broad following, many people supported nature as recreation space