Studied by 21 peopleUNIT 1: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS AND MANAGEMENT
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Collects data, process data into information then converts information into knowledge for a specific purpose
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
TPS's predominant function is to record data collected at the boundaries of organizations, in other words, at the point where the organization transacts business with other parties. (ATM, POS, etc..)
Transaction Processing Systems
Information systems for planning, control, decision-making, and problem-solving.
Management Information Systems
Reports or the output part of MIS.
On-demand Output
It takes the optimal course of action, and gathers detailed data and information to help middle/senior managers make decisions.
Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS/DSS)
To help high-ranking officers/executives direct an organization to focus on a long-range strategic plan.
Executive Information Systems/Executive Support System (EIS/ESS)
Incorporation of human expertise into a computer system that emulates our decision-making. - AI
Expert Systems
A database that contains data about part of a city, a country, a state, or even the entire world. (Google Maps, Waze, and other uses especially for agriculture)
Geographic Information System
In _____ information systems help focus on recording and reporting financial changes and state, that the purpose of financial systems is to facilitate financial planning and business transactions.
Accounting
information systems help organize budgets, manage cash flow, analyze investments, and make decisions that could reduce interest payments and increase revenues from financial transactions.
Finance
______ purpose is to pinpoint the people what they’re most likely to purchase or what the organization sells and to promote the appropriate products and services to those people. Also, The system identifies trends in the demand for the company’s products and services
Marketing
_____ management systems maintain such records, including employees’ pictures, employee status and tax information, and other data that other systems such as payroll may use.
Human Resources
______ purpose is to control the inventory in paying suppliers, process customer orders, production schedules, quality assurance, and shipping products.
Manufacturing
Computing paradigms, which are the core of the architecture
It is the process of developing methodical information technology specifications, models, and guidelines using a variety of Information Technology notation processes.
INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE
Refer to those applications or services that are resident on a server that is accessible using a Web browser. The only client-side software needed to access and execute these applications is a Web browser environment.
WEB-BASED IT ARCHITECTURES
UNIT 2.1: Computer History
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known to be the earliest device for computation
consists of three groves in the sand with a maximum of 10 pebbles in each groove
Sand Tables
derived from the Arabic word ‘abaq’ which means ‘dust’
consists of sliding beads arranged on a rack which has two parts: upper part and lower part
Abacus
a small instrument made of 10 rods on which multiplication table was engraved
enabled to perform multiplication and division
Napier Bones
jointly devised by Edmund Gunter & William Oughtred
based on the principle that actual distances from the starting point of the rule is directly proportional to the logarithm of numbers printed on the rule
Slide Ruler
He invented the first mechanical adding machine called Pascaline (1642
Blaise Pascal
He improved Pascal’s machine
Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
He invented a loom that used punch cards to control patterns into woven cloth (1801)
Joseph Marie Jacquard
Father of Modern Computer
Difference Engine: used to computer table of numbers using naval navigation and can only add & subtract
Analytical Engine: general purpose machine
Charles Babbage
Invented one of the first commercial machines which used a punch card to tabulate and process the data collected
Herman Hollerith
He led the designing of MARK I (1937); improved Babbage’s machine; His machine was considered the first electronic machine using thousands of relays.
Howard Aiken
First electronic computing machine, which introduced the idea of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory and logic circuits
AB Computer (Atasoft Berry Computer)
World’s first electronic digital computer used to decode intercepted message
Colossus
Developed a concept of storing a program in memory.
John von Neumann machine
Developed for calculating artillery firing tables
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
First electronic computer to use stored program concept
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
Machine to run the first successful program
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)
First commercially available computer
First general-purpose computer which was designed to handle both numeric and textual information
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
Was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic or assembly language which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words
One of the major developments in this generation includes the progress of machine language to assembly language.
Transistor
Was the hallmark of the third generation of computers
The technology allowed dozens of transistors to be mounted on a single chip together with other electronic components.
This generation started using semiconductor memories, microprocessors, and multiprogramming.
Another development was the use of an operating system that allowed machines to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitors and coordinates the computer’s memory
Integrated Circuits
Family of computers and their peripherals which are mutually compatible and all worked together
IBM System/360 series
Developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) The first commercially successful minicomputer
PDP 8
Built onto a single piece of silicon, known as chip; about 0.5 cm long and not more than 0.05cm thick
Microprocessor
Built onto a single piece of silicon, known as chip; about 0.5 cm long and not more than 0.05cm thick
Microprocessor
Approximately 180 transistors
Large Scale Integration (LSI)
Approximately 275,000 transistors
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
Developed by MITS (Mirco Instrumentation Telemetry Systems) One of the first microcomputers
Altair 8800 (1975)
One of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products Designed by Steve Wozniak of Apple Computer
Apple II
A supercomputer designed, manufactured and marketed by Cray Research
CRAY I
‘Lisa’ stood for ‘Local Integrated Software Architecture
First commercial personal computer to use graphical user interface with 1MB RAM, 12-inch black monitor, 2 5 ¼ floppy disk driver, 5MB of profile hard drive and used Motorola 680000 microprocessor
Apple Lisa (1983)
Computers will use Super Large-Scale Integrated chips
Mega Chips
Computers will use multiple processors and perform parallel processing thereby accessing several instructions at one time and working at the same time
Parallel Processing
A series of related technologies that tries to simulate and reproduce human behavior including thinking, speaking, reasoning.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
UNIT 2.2: Computer System and its Components
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defined as general purpose information processing machine used to troubleshoot various problems related to data processing allows users to input, manipulate and store data a basic, complete and functional computer
Computer System
Computer System Components Two main components:
Hardware - tangible parts Software – intangible parts: data and programs
physical machine, consisting of mechanical parts and electronic circuit
Computer Hardware -
defined as the major component of a computer also known as the ‘processor’ or the “electronic brain” of the computer consist of the electronic circuits which are necessary to perform a variety of operations on the data
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Several major units of a computer hardware
– Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– Main Memory (RAM)
– Secondary Memory (HDD/SSD)
– Peripherals (I/O devices)
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Major components:
Arithmetic Logic Unit Control Unit Registers
where data and numerous programs are currently being executed by the CPU are stored
Main Memory (RAM)
provides stable storage for both programs and data in a longer period of time
often referred to as the disk
Secondary Memory
also known as mass storage devices because of their capacity to store relatively large amounts of data and many programs.
Disk drives
used in getting and displaying information
Input/Output Devices
EXAMPLE OF AN INPUT DEVICES
Keyboards
Pointing Devices
Sensors
Card Readers
Remote Control
EXAMPLE OF AN OUTPUT DEVICES
Printings/Plotters
Monitors
Basic Computer Hardware Operations
Input unit
Storage unit
Processing unit
Output unit
inputs the data and programs for computer processing
Input unit
stores the input data and programs
Storage unit –
conducts calculations on the input data and controls input unit, storage unit, and output unit
Processing unit –
output the result of computer processing in a certain format
Output unit –
set of computer programs and algorithms that tells the computer what to do and how to do it.
Computer Software –
Three categories of Computer Software:
System Software
Programming Software
Application Software
Note
Flashcard