Physical Science H FInal

A naturally formed solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter or volcanic glass

formed from solidified molten magma or lava

igneous rock formed below Earth's surface, solidified magma larger crystals

Rock formed when lava cools above the surface of Earth, minuscule crystals

Where do igneous rocks with abundant concentrations of quartz form?

Where to Igneous rocks with low amounts of quartz form?

low density, lighter color

dense, dark-colored rocks

light or dark, medium sized minerals

Size of mineral crystals in a rock, which depends on the speed of cooling

Rock Cycle?

weather over a long period of time which can break and move rocks

bits & pieces of minerals and other rocks in a rock

the area between clasts of a rock

irregular shaped and/or rounded rocks

The process in which minerals precipitate into pore spaces between sediment grains and bind sediments together to form rock.

form from sediments that have been weathered and transported

rocks forms from remains of living organisms such as crustacean shells

sorting, clast size, which determines the ability of the carrier to move them.

Rocks WITH layers or bands of alternating colors

Rock WITHOUT layers or bands or alternating colors

intense heat and pressure which bends and presses together different layers of rocks

Texture, grain size, composition, type/level of metamorphism

a mars shaped planet hit earth, burning the planet, and leftover debris surrounding joined, to orbit around the Sun, AKA the Moon we know today

AKA 'Primary waves', moves objects up and down, fastest velocity, transverse

seismic waves that vibrate from side to side as well as up and down, slower than P waves, transverse

a type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface and collide

Surface waves that travel in a backward-rotating, elliptical motion, causing both vertical and horizontal ground movement. Can travel through solid, liquid, and gas. result of p- and s- wave interaction. Fourth to arrive. Dangerous.

Surface waves that shear the ground in a horizontal direction. Can only travel through solids. caused by interference of multiple s-waves. Third to arrive.

closest location on Earth's surface to earthquake occurance

the record of an earthquake's seismic waves produced by a seismograph

Where 3 or more seismic stations use their data and the time between P and S waves to triangulate and focus on the epicenter of an earthquake

sudden movement/vibration of ground due to rocks slopping over enormous gaps in Earth's crust

what do earthquakes correlate with?

object is squeezed or shortened

object stretched or lengthened

different parts of object pushed on opposing directions

any period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth's surface

minor ice ages

A period of time when Earth's temperature was relatively cool and ice ages could occur (lower sea level & severe life struggles); 30% of geologic history

A period of time when Earth's temperature was much hotter and there would be no ice (higher sea level & bursts of life); 70% of geologic history

cylinders of ice drilled out from glaciers and polar ice sheets; shows gas concentrations of years in the pasts

tree growth is influenced by climate conditions, patterns in tree rings and isotopic composition of materin within each ring reflect variations in past climate

layers of sediment build up trapping evidence of past climates which can be drilled into and analysed to investigate past climatic conditions according to makeup of plankton or other microscopic creatures

sr/ca concentration a ___'s skeleton can determine the climate and temperature at specific times in the past

CH4+2O2=CO2+2H2O

the decomposition of solid organic matter by heat

electrons moving to outer energy levels and back and emit usually blue light

A chemical change in which a substance combines with oxygen, as when iron oxidizes, forming rust

soot gets so hot that it burns, producing visible light in colors such as red, orange, yellow

Cycling of CO2 into and out of the Atmosphere

releases carbon into the atmosphere

removes carbon from the atmosphere

cycle of moving carbon over hundreds of millions of years; air sea gas exchange, sedimentary rock formation; decay

cycles of moving carbon taking place daily that affects cycles going on over centuries or decades; breathing, photosynthesis, cellular respiration

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

potential for a greenhouse gas (GHG) to absorb and hold in IR over a set amount of time

using isotopes, half lives, decay, to determine the exact age of a rock, commonly with carbon-14

carbon-14 has a shorter half life and is in all biotic/living things & converts to N-14 which allows researchers to find ratios for younger fossils and rocks

sum of protons and neutrons in an atom

number of protons in nucleus

atoms with varying numbers of neutrons different to regular amount

Neutron splits into 1 proton and 1 electron, electron leaves, additional proton causes atomic # to go up by 1

2 neutrons and 2 protons leave, which decreases atomic # by 2, and Mass# by 4

an electron joins a proton and forms a neutron; 1 less proton and one more neutron; decreases atomic #

What happens to the material’s density when the velocity of the seismic wave increases

What happens to the material’s density when the velocity of the seismic wave decreases

what atom does alpha decay release

what happens to a parent isotope after alpha decay

Learning about processes happening now that have also happened in the past with evidence for this

sunlight, temperature, water/precipitation

oldest layers are on the bottom, newest on the top

any unaffected layers should be completely horizontal and flat

when layers expand out until they taper off

layers with older fossils are below layers with newer fossils

pieces of rocks are younger than the rocks surrounding them

anything cutting into a layer or a fault formation is younger than the rocks it cuts

supercontinent formed 300-200 MYA when all continents crashed together

controlled by currents, pieces of the lithosphere crust collide, separate, and slide past each other to form geologic features

plates move away from each other; forms rift valleys, trenches, underground & above ground volcanoes, ridges, canyons

plates collide into each other; forms mountain ranges, volcanoes, islands

plates slide past each other; no rock is lost

oceanic submerges; forms volcanic arc

denser plate submerges; forms island arc (underwater volcanic arc trench)

plates smash and go up; forms high plateau, mountain range

forms rift valleys, volcanoes

forms mid ocean ridges

methane, CFCs, super high GWP

formed from decaying organic material

Earth constantly alters position when orbiting the sun, causing it to receive differing amounts of energy, cycle takes around 40,000 years to complete

earth spins like a top, takes around 21,000 years to complete

changes from circular to elliptical to circular, takes around 100,000 years to complete

Forms sunspots and causes radiation, takes around 11 years to complete

Cause of volcanic eruptions and giant ones create imbalances in Earth’s radiative balance, takes around 12 years to complete