APUSH Period 1 Quiz

God, Gold, Glory

• spread Christianity

• opportunity for wealth -> finding all water route to Asia, fur trading posts, operating gold/silver mines, developing plantations (motive later on)

• Crusades sparks desire for goods (metals, spices, drugs, gold, etc.)

• Europeans sought to gain colonies or access to trade in Africa & Asia for economic, religious, and military power; they "bump" into the Americas

• were in competitions w/ other European countries to be wealthiest + most powerful

The transatlantic exchange of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred after the first European contact with the Americas.

natives and Africans

• changes in thought & technology (Renaissance) -> began using gun powder, sailing compass, & printing press (spreading ideas!)

• Spanish Christians reconquered areas captured by Moors (Muslim Arabs)

• independent kingdoms

• Isabella & Ferdinand united their separate Christian kingdoms

• signs of new leadership, hope, and power

• Northern European Christians revolted against Catholic pope

• led by Martin Luther

• different ppl wanted to spread their version of Christianity later on -> motive for exploration

• ushered in Age of Exploration -> sparked Euro. exploration + colonization

• improved navigation

• revolutionized trade w/ new routes & goods

• Columbian Exchange

• Portuguese

• sponsored voyages that established new sea route around Cape of Good Hope, South Africa -> new trade w/ Africans -> Portugal begins participating in preexisting African slave trade, puts slaves to work on sugar plantations

• A country in which the majority of people share both a common culture and common political loyalties toward a central gov't

• emerging monarchs in these nation states depended on trade for revenue & Church to justify their right to rule

• replaced small kingdoms uniting (ex. Spain) & large multiethnic kingdoms breaking up (ex. Holy Roman Empire)

pope drew vertical line on map, granting Spain all lands west and Portugal all lands east

pope moves line of demarcation a few degrees west

• now Portugal had claim to Brazil

• Spain: South/SW (Mex, FL, Mew Mex, SoCal)

• France: Midwest, most of USA/Canada

• Eng & Dutch: east coast

• purpose of him wanting to sail westward: -> lubricate trade w/ Asia, which was limited by long & dangerous land route

• changing economic, political, & social conditions encouraged exploration especially by sea -> improvements in shipbuilding -> improvements in navigation (compasses, mapmaking)

• beans, corn, sweet/white potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco -> aka future valuable cash crops -> caused rapid population growth

• syphilis

• sugar cane, blue grass, pigs, horses

• new tech -> the wheel, iron implements, guns

• small pox & measles -> rapid population decrease

• slave trade (West African groups capture others to sell into slavery for goods and resources)

• new food (corn, potatoes, sugar)

• population growth

• feudalism declines -> capitalism rises

• economic system in which control of capital (money & machinery) become more important than land (feudalism)

• commerce becomes increasingly important

• political power goes to wealthy merchants instead of landowners

• rise of capitalism -> trade inc. b/c Euro. wants access to riches in America, Asia, Africa -> but ocean voyages are $$ and dangerous!

• solution: business owned by large # of investors -> finances trade voyages more safely -> if voyage fails, investors only lose what they invest -> encouraged investment & grew economy

Spanish conqueror

• to control mainly Aztecs & Incas

• Spanish king grants natives who lived on tracts of land to individual Spaniards -> forced natives to farm/work in mines -> Spaniards had to "care" for them in turn (did they rly tho...)

Required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas

system based on race that was used for social control and also determined a person's role and importance in society

1. pure blood Spaniards

2. mixed ppl

3. pure native/African heritage

• Spanish priest

• convinced king to institute New Laws of 1542

• argued for Native rights in Valladolid Debate

• ended native slavery, forced native labor, & began to end encomienda system

• later, conservative Spaniards convinced king to repeal parts of law

• topic: role of natives in Spanish colonies

• Bartoloeme: natives are 100% human, so enslaving them is wrong

• Gines: natives are less than human, so they benefit from working for us under encomienda system

• neither side completely convinces king, but Bart. est. basic arguments for Native justice

In the Valladolid Debate, this Spaniard argued that the American Indians were less than human, so they benefited from working under the encomienda system

• initially, natives & Brits coexist, trade, share ideas

• Eng. takes land for growing population -> conflict -> forced Natives to move from coast to inland

• saw Natives as good military/economic allies, kept good relations

• French built trade posts & traded w/ Natives

• posed less of a threat compared to other Europeans

• as Euros expanded, Natives protect culture -> some allied w/ Euro pwr -> some migrated west -> conflict w/ other natives

• 5 northeastern native groups

• matriarchal societies

• no chiefs-> council of sachems makes decisions

• people who believe in the existence of individual spirits that inhabit natural objects and phenomena

• believed in by most natives

• property and social identity descended in male family lines

• European societies

• woman subject to pwr of man

• justified by church

• states w/o prince/king but were governed by merchant coalitions -> mostly Italian regions -> celebrated civic humanism

Praised public virtue and service to the state

artisan organizations that regulated trades

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life

• Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church

• Catholic Church sought change within & created new monastic/missionary orders

trade between peoples north and south of the Sahara

campaign to drive Muslims from Spain

colonists trying to replicate/approximate economies & social structures from home

merchants bought wool from the owners of great estates and sent it "out" to landless peasants in small cottages to spin and weave cloth

• state assisted manufacturing & trade -> ex. gov't aided textile entrepreneurs by setting low war rates & helped merchants by giving them monopolies in foreign markets

• Queen Eliz. supporting textile manufacturing -> inc. exports & decr. imports (good)

• Queen Eliz. mercantile policies laid foundations to overseas colonization -> challenges Spanish control of western Europe

• stable colony in Panama establishes mass colonial pwr in Americas for Spain -> Spain is "top dog"

• improved navigation -> mapped many new shores along Pacific Ocean

• determined whether or no land Columbus discovered was part of Asia or some place new -> more accurate navigation & map making

• first person to circumnavigate world

• discovered strait linking Atlantic & Pacific ocean

• both improved mapping & navigation

• conquered Aztec empire -> inspired shift of focus from exploration to conquest

• conquered Incas for Spain

• laid groundwork for Britain's claim to Canadian colonies later

• found shorter route across Atlantic Ocean to Americas

• sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina

• known as "The Lost Colony"

• found potatoes & tobacco

• Mostly explored North American east coast

• First European explorer to name new places in North America after old people/places in the Old World

• Discovered NY Harbor, Block Island, Narragansett Bay

• Looked for northwest passage, explored parts of Canada

• Largely contributed to establishing French claims in Canada

• Fur trade w/ natives

• explored the upper Mississippi River in 1673

• Wanted to expand colonial pwr of France

• Trade w/ natives

• Mapped Louisiana region

• Claimed ⅔ of USA

• Claimed New Amsterdam (present day NY) for the Dutch

• Discovery of Hudson Rvr & Hudson Bay

• Assisted in furthering future colonization in Canada by Britain

• Goal was to find northwest passage route to Asia thru water

• First European to reach Florida

• Explored & settled Puerto Rico

• Laid groundwork for Spanish domination of territories and power

• First to sail from Europe to India around Cape of Good Hope

• First European to find ocean trading route to India

• Began trade with Africa, became basis of African slave trade -> New Portuguese trade posts in Africa + India, starting to dominate Arabs

• Improved navigation

• highly organized trade routes, calendars, & agriculture systems -> maize advancement is reason why civilization was so complex & dense

• KEYS TO POWER: productive agriculture, dense populations (which was caused by the agriculture), & aggressive bureaucratic states

• Mayas in Yucatan; Aztecs in Central Mex; Incas in Peru

• less complex social structures than in Central America -> more socially diversified & ppl specialized in work -> men made tools & hunted -> women gathered/farmed

• lived in semi-permanent settlements w/ <300 ppl

• over 20 language families

• Algonquian in northeast

• Siouan in Great Plains

• groups like Hohokam, Anasazi, & Pueblos

• spread of maize -> economic growth & developed irrigation systems -> more complex society developed

• mtn ranges isolated tribes -> barriers to development

• hunters / gatherers

• mobile living

• hunted buffalo

• lived in tepees (easy to transport)

• traded w/ other tribes

• didn't obtain horses until 17th century Spanish settlers -> became better hunters, travelers, & traders than other native tribes around them

• Woodland Natives -> permanent settlements along Missi. & Ohio Rvr

• Adena-Hopewell Culture -> famous for large earthen mounds

• hunting and farming

• some descendants of Adena-Hopewell culture

• Iroquois Confediration -> battled other natives & Euros

• one individual claiming preeminent pwr in community

• some were paramount chiefdoms-> numerous local chiefs band together under single, more pwrful ruler

• common in Eastern Woodlands

• lots of conflict btwn tribes

• Hiawatha loses fam b/c of this

• spirit teaches him series of condolence rituals which then become foundation of Iroquois Confed.

• developed their societies using the resources available to them -> ex. Great Plains / Great Basin (barren): limited resources, nomadic, hunt/fish/gather

Southwest (dry): maize/corn cultivation, irrigation systems, permanent settlements

Northeast (4 seasons): Iroquois (farm 3 sisters, hunt, permanent settlements, longhouses)

Atlantic Seaboard (4 seasons/mild winter): Powhatan (farm, hunt, permanent settlements)

Northwest (wet): Chinook (farm, fish, permanent settlements, longhouses)

• Technology: printing press (maps), sailing tech (caravel, astrolabe, mariner's compass)

• Economics: mercantilist theory (colonies provide mother country with markets & materials)

• joint stock companies (investors provide capital to explorers in exchange for a share of the profits)

• Explorers: Christopher Columbus

• Nation States: countries finance trips to increase national power (Spain)

• Encomienda System: Spanish can enslave Native Americans to work in mines and on farms in exchange for teaching them Catholicism (economic & religious goals)

• African Slave Trade: Euros began trade for slaves in West Africa to work in mines and on plantations -> supplement & replacement for dying Native American population

• Caste System: Spanish settlers intermixed and married with Native and African populations, but defined the status of each group in a Caste (white/European on top, American/European heritage in middle, Native/African on bottom w/ many in between)

DECA

• Divergent Worldviews -> Natives generally shared land and goods, had less defined gender roles, and spiritual religions -> Euros had private land ownership and a desire to build individual wealth, more defined gender roles, and Christian religion

• Conflict -> Natives began to resist European encroachment

• Adoption of Culture -> Natives: guns and horse in Plains -> Europeans: farming of tobacco, corn, and potatoes

• European debate on colonization -> Valladolid debate

• Demographic changes -> destruction of Native Americans -> growth of European & African populations -> created of new societal groups (ex. Caste system)

• Economic changes -> slave trade -> mercantilism & capitalism -> new markets & materials

• Politics -> European conflict over territories/power -> European power increases over Americas and Africa -> Native power weakens

• Cultural changes -> new material goods -> spreading of religion

• Landscapes: -> prevented/encouraged interactions btwn tribes for trade -> some could travel long distances, some couldn't

• Climate: -> allowed crops to flourish -> ex. Southwest settlements -> spread of maize led to a more advanced society -> other native societies who were not as agricultural did not have such advanced societies

• Resources: -> made tools, food, & clothing -> later on, horses in Great Basins allowed tribes to be more powerful than neighboring Natives who still travel/hunt on foot

• participated in trade

• central/south American native societies lived in complex, agricultural societies like Euros.

• both turned to spiritual explanations for life

SSPT

• Socially: -> natives = matriarchal -> Euros = patriarchal

• Spiritually: -> natives = animists -> believed in more than one source of spiritual pwr -> Euros = Christians -> believed in one source of spiritual pwr (God)

• Politically: -> natives = semi-sedentary societies -> central Amer. -> strong centralized gov't -> north Amer. -> not many gov'ts, maybe chiefdoms & sachem councils at most -> Euros = nation states -> ruled by monarchs or by merchants (republics)

• Tech: -> natives = less advanced weaponry & little to no metal (at least in Nor.Amer.) -> Euros = more advanced weapons (ex. guns), access to iron & steel, etc.

• Renaissance -> new trade

• feudalism replaced by capitalism

• commerce increasingly important as trade increased

• value of land was decreasing w/ prevalence of feudalism -> political power shifted from landowners to new wealthy merchants

• Euros wanted new sea route to Asia to advance trade & obtain high value goods

• land route was too long + dangerous & dominated by Arabs

• Euro nations in competition w/ one another to be the wealthiest/the best (superiority complex)

• Henry the Navigator (Portuguese prince) heard of rich trade of gold & slaves in Arab world -> funds voyages to access this trade in West Africa

• Euros eventually find new sea route to Asia around Cape of Good Hope -> leads to new trading posts in South Africa as well

• slavery already common in Africa

• Portuguese merchants began buying slaves from African princes/warlords

• Africans forced to work on plantations/gathering resources so Euros could profit off of labor

• after seeing Portugal's success, other Euro nations wanted to join in