geo exam

urban growth

the rate at which the population of an urban area increases

urbanisation

the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in towns and cities

urban consolidation

the policy of constraining further development and population growth to within the boundaries of preexisting urban areas rather than expanding outward into suburban areas

urban sprawl

the outward spread of a city and its suburbs as they grow

suburbanisation

a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs

globalisation

the increasing connections between places and people across the planet, established through trade, politics and cultural exchanges, and helped by technology and transport.

push and pull factors

push factors “push” people away from their home and pull factors “pull” people to a new home

rural-urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city

mega city

a city with more than 10 million people

world city

a city considered to be an important centre of global economic activity, such as New York, Tokyo, London.

what are some causes of urbanisation within china

geographical factors (climate, water availability, topography, soil quality), jobs, education, standards of living, opportunities

geographically, where are people predominately living in both australia and china

east coast

do more chinese people live in urban or rural areas

urban (60.6% in 2020)

how many megacities are there in china

15

what are some historical reasons for urbanisation in china

industrialisation, economic reform policies, special economic zones

where are most of the deserts in china and australia

west

where is most of the rainfall in china

south east china

what are the main rivers in china and where do they flow

yangtze river and yellow river, east china

where is china most mountainous

west and south west

pull factors towards cities in china

better employment prospects, higher wages, better education, better standard of living, more opportunities

push factors away from rural areas in china

lack of opportunities, poorer standard of living

internal migration

people moving from one region to another within the same country

what is the main cause of chinas internal migration

rapid urbanisation (fastest rate in the world)

what are the main 5 environmental worldviews

egocentric, anthropocentric, stewardship, biocentric, ecocentric

lithosphere

earths crust, rock, dirt, sand

hydrosphere

water, ocean, lakes, rivers

atmosphere

air, wind

biosphere

flora and fauna

sand dune

a hill of sand built either by aeolian or hydrospheric forces

headland

an elevated rocky area of land, jutting out between beaches

reef

a ridge of jagged rock, coral or sand just below the surface of the sea

tombolo

a depositional landform comprised of a bar of sand joining an island to the mainland

are the sand dunes at wanda beach natural or re-established

re-established

swash

where the waves hit the shore

berm

area above water level but before primary dune

what types of vegetation is found on primary dunes

small shrubs and plants

what types of vegetation is found on the secondary dune

larger plants, possibly trees

how can a dune profile be used as a coastal management tool

you can monitor change in the size of dunes and see if your management strategies are working

what are the 3 biophysical processes

hydrospheric, aeolian and biospheric

what brings waves up a beach (away from ocean)

swash

what brings waves down a beach (towards ocean)

backwash

what waves are low energy

constructive waves

what waves are high energy

destructive waves

what waves erode material on a coast

destructive waves

what waves deposit material on a coast

constructive waves

what determines the direction beach material moves along a beach

prevailing winds

longshore drift

the process of winds changing the angle of the waves, causing them to move the positions of sand along the beach

which direction does longshore drift happen in cronulla

north

how has longshore drift affected the deposition of sand along the coast in cronulla

there is more sand north than south, has created sand dunes and tombolos

what process is longshore drift

hydrospheric process

what is an aeolian process

wind

what is a biospheric process

vegetation on sand dunes

what does vegetation on sand dunes do

stabilises the landform helping to protect it from erosion

what dune has the highest wind speeds

primary dune

what 2 processes are most important in sand dune formation

aeolian (wind) and hydrospheric (waves)

how does vegetation vary across dunes

less/smaller vegetation at the front and more/taller vegetation at the rear

what function does vegetation serve

if the plants are alive the roots help stop erosion and if they die they create more dune

why do hard structures interfere with natural storm cycles

sand dunes are able to absorb wave energy but hard structures reflect the wave energy and take more sand with it that constructive waves can't fully replace

accretion

build up of sand

active beach zone

dynamic coastal zone affected by processes

bar

mound of sand located in surf zone normally parallel to shore

cadstral map

shows property surroundings

coastal processes

waves, winds, currents, etc and their interaction and effects on coastal environment

parabolic dune

a u shaped dune

prevailing winds

winds that blow predominately from a single general direction over a particular point

primary dune

vegetated sand dune located at back of beach, most seaward of dunes

swash zone

section of beach face that waves wash over

transgressive dune

advancing of sand forming inland dunes caused by lack of stabilising vegetation

weather

the state of the atmosphere at any one place or time (humidity, temperature, precipitation etc)

climate

average conditions of a region as a result of data

synoptic charts

show information related to air pressure, wind speed, rainfall etc at a particular time

atmospheric pressure

pressure exerted by the weight of the air on the earth’s surface

isobars

lines connecting dots of equal atmospheric places

high pressure cells (anticyclones)

where atmospheric pressure increases towards the centre of the system (light winds, clear skies, high pressure)

low pressure cells (cyclones)

where atmospheric pressure decreases towards the centre of the system (strong winds, cloudy skies, rain)

wind speed

determined by closeness of isobars

wind direction

the direction the wind is coming from

warm fronts

when warm air is pushed into cold air masses

cold fronts

when cold air is pushed into warm air masses

examples of hard options

sea wall, groynes, rock bars, rock gaibons, metal piling, rip rap, revetments

examples of soft options

sand replenishment, revegetation

what direction does swash move

diagonally in direction of longshore drift

what direction does backwash move

horizontally

what does BOLTSS stand for

border, orientation, legend, title, scale, source

eastings

vertical lines on a grid map

northings

horizontal lines on a grid map

4 figure map reference

area reference

6 figure map reference

grid reference

do you use the left or right side of grid square

left

do you use the top or bottom side of grid square

bottom

3 main types of photographs

ground level, oblique aerials, vertical aerials

latitude

horizontal lines drawn across the earth

longitude

vertical lines drawn across the earth