CHAPTER 2 - The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire, 1607—1754

• son of George Calvert.

• wanted to implement his father’s plan of great wealth and haven.

first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. Also called for death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.

• this happen because Calvert persuaded the assembly to adopt this act

• Protestants outnumbered the Catholics

this was repealed in the late 1600s, because Protestant resentment against a catholic proprietor turned into a small civil war, and the Protestants won.

• went to Boston in 1631 as a respected Puritan minister.

• believed that an individual’s conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority.

• his beliefs put him in conflict with other Puritan leaders.

• so he fled to Narragansett Bay, and founded the settlement of Providence

  • recognized the rights of the natives

  • allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely

• founded one of the first Baptist churches in America

• questioned the doctrines of the Puritan authorities.

• believed in “antinomianism” which was the idea that faith alone, not deeds is necessary for salvation.

• she was banished from the bay colony and founded Portsmouth in 1638

in 1644, Williams was granted a charter from the Parliament that joined Providence and Portsmouth (Hutchinson’s colony) into Rhode Island.

this colony served as a refuge because of how tolerated diverse beliefs.

people could become partial church members even if they had not felt a conversion (profound religious experience) - 1660s

• put in place bc few members of the new generation were born having profound religious experiences

members of the Religious Society of Friends

• believed in equality of all men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service.

• believed that religious authority is found within each person’s soul and not in the Bible or outside source. This was a radical challenge to established authority.

• persecuted and jailed for their beliefs.

young convert to the Quaker faith. his father respected him even though they had differing beliefs. The Royal family owed the father a large debt which they paid to William in 1681 in the form of a grant of land; the colony of Pennsylvania.

essentially the colony of Pennsylvania which was a haven for people of all religions and national backgrounds. guaranteed freedom on workship.

which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration; part of the Holy Experiment

South Carolina’s rice growing plantations were worked by enslaved Africans.

in NC, farmers from Virginia and New England established small, self-sufficient tobacco farms.

Italian sea captain who sailed under contract to England's King Henry VII. explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497

first permanent English colony in America.

• the first settlers of Jamestown struggled.

• It was in a swampy area along the James River —> fatal outbreaks of dysentery and malaria.

• some were unaccustomed to physical work. Others were gold-seekers who refused to farm.

• Key source of goods — trade w native, but when conflict arose, so did starvation

• transition to Virginia as England’s first royal colony.

leader of Jamestown who helped survive its first five years (?)

English explorer and farmer who was the husband of Pocahontas. developed a new variety of tobacco that would become popular in Europe and become a profitable crop.

• daughter of Powhatan. first English-speaking native American.

• wife of John Rolfe. developed a new variety of tobacco that would become popular in Europe and become a profitable crop.

• a group of more moderate dissenters who believed that the Church of England could be reformed.

• wanted to “purify” the church

• Charles I took the throne in 1625 —> persecution increased.

• group of Puritans gained a royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay company in 1629.

• radical dissenters of the Church of England.

• They wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control

• they left England for Holland in search of religious freedom.

• But hardship made them seek another place for religion freedom, so they chose the new colony in America.

• Went aboard the Mayflower.

• Rather than going to Jamestown, they established a new colony at Plymouth.

small group of pilgrims set sail for Virginia on this ship

• religious motivation

• settled by English protestants who dissented from the government-supported Church of England (Anglican Church)

led the Puritans in 1630 for the Massachusetts shore and founded Boston and several other towns.

civil war in England in the 1630s drove 15,000 settlers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Jamestown, Virginia - first settlement

• royal colony after 1624

• intended destination for Pilgrims, but they went to Plymouth instead

• labor shortages caused by high death rate from disease, food shortages, and battles with natives. So landowners used indentured servitude, headright system, slavery

• See other flashcards: House of Burgesses, Virgina Company, Headright System, Slavery, Bacon’s rebellion.

led a large group of Boston Puritans into the Connecticut River Valley and founded Hartford in 1636. They wrote the FOOC.

• New Haven joined with Hartford to form the colony of Connecticut

  • Thomas Hooker led the Boston Puritans into the valley to form Hartford —> FOOC

  • Hew Haven: second settlement in the Connecticut Value south of Hartford.

• located west of the Rhode Island so it attracted those who were unhappy w Massachusetts authorities.

• royal charter granted it a limited degree of self-government, including election of the governor.

• last colony to be founded in New England.

• originally part of Massachusetts Bay

• Charles II made it a royal colony subject to the authority of an appointed governer.

• native people of the Northeastern Woodlands.

• chief: Metacom

chief of the Wampanoags who united many tribes in New England against the English settlers who were constantly encroaching on the American Indians’ land.

War from 1675-1676, thousands on both sides were killed, and towns and villagesvilliages were burned. The Colonial forces won and killed Metacom and ended most native american resistance in New england.

• restoration colony

• Charles II granted a huge tract of Land between Virginia and Florida (Spanish) to eight proprietors

• The Dutch gave up New Amsterdam.

• 1664- Charles II granted his brother (James II/Duke of York) the lands between Connecticut and Delaware Bay. James ordered a force to take over the Dutch and renamed the colony to New York.

• james II —> taxation without representation —> backlash from English-speaking settlers from New England.

• 1683- representative assembly

James split NY in 1664 since it was too large to administer. He gave a portion to John Berkeley and Carteret. There were two different Jerseys but eventually combined in to one single royal colony

• proprietary colony

• founded by William Penn, a covert to Quaker faith. he received this land grant from the royal family who owed his father a debt.

1702 - Penn granted the lower three counties of Pensnsylvania their own assembly. Delaware became a separate colony.

economy based on trading furs and providing food for the West Indies. large rice growing plantations worked by enslaved Africans resembled the economy and culture of the Windies

side note - north carolina - developed differently. self-sufficient tobacco farms.

• 13th colony

• last of the British colonies and the only one to receive direct financial support from the government in London.

• British interest bc it was a defensive buffer for the SC plantations and the Spanish threat from Florida. also interest bc it would relieve the overcrowded jails in England.

• colony did not prosper partly because of constant threat of Spanish attack

• Georgia got taken over by the British government and became a royal colony. Restrictions were dropped.

• the colony started growing by adopting the plantation system of SC.

• At the time of the American revolution, Georgia was the smallest and poorest of the 13 colonies.

led a group of philanthropists to found Georgia’s first settlement, Savannah, in 1733. He was the colony’s first governor and put strict regulations such as bans on rum and slavery.

document that the Pilgrims drew up and signed that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority. It was an early form of colonial self-government and a rudimentary written constitution

first representative Assembly in America (1619)

royal governor of Virginia (1641-1652, 1660-1677) who used dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the larger planters. Antagonized small farmers on Virginia’s western frontier because he failed to protect them from Indian attacks.

• IMPORTANT takeaways: highlighted the sharp class differences and colonial resistance to royal control.

• Nathaniel Bacon - impoverished farmer, who seized upon the grievances of the western farmers to lead a rebellion against Berkley’s government.

• they resented the economic and political control exercised by the few large planters in the Chesapeake area.

• raised an army of volunteers and conducted a series of raids and massacres against American Indian villages on the Virginia frontier.

• Berkley’s government accused Bacon of rebelling against royal authority.

• So, Bacon’s army defeated the governer’s forces and burned the Jamestown settlement.

• first written Constitution in American history.

• established a Representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature.

Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven formed a military alliance NEC because of constant threat of attack from the natives, dutch, and french. lasted until 1684

importance: established a precedent for colonies taking unified action towards a common purpose.

colonies operated by joint-stock companies, at least during the early years

colonies under direct authority and rule of the King’s government

colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king

1632 - Charles I subdivided the Virginia colony. Chartered a new colony on either side of the Chesapeake Bay and granted control of it to Geoge Calvert. Maryland = first proprietary colony.

pooled the savings of many investors, thereby spreading the risk. used by the English as they devised this practical method for financing the risk of founding new colonies.

joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607.

encouraged settlement in Jamestown by guaranteeing colonists the same rights as residents of England.

• looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country’s military and political strength.

• accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country's military and political strength.

• According to mercantilist doctrine, a government should regulate trade and production to enable it to become self-sufficient. Colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country for the growth and profit of that country's industries.

• Colonies existed for one purpose only: to enrich the parent country

• early 17th century.

• guided the Spanish and French colonies from their inception and was applied to English colonies after the English civil war.

1650-1673, three rules for colonial trade:

1. Trade to and from the colonies could only be carried by English or colonial-built ships, and only operated by English or colonial crews.

2. All goods imported to the colonies, except for some perishables, had to pass through ports in England.

3. Specified “enumerated” (tobacco, originally) goods from the colonies could be exported to England only.

Impact:

• prosperity of New England shipbuilding

• provided Chesapeake tobacco with a monopoly in England

• provided English military forces to protect the colonies from potential attacks by the French and Spanish.

• heavily limited the development of colonial manufacturing

• forced Chesapeake farmers to accept low prices for their crops and caused colonists to pay high prices for manufactured goods from England.

• negative political effects on British-colonial relations.

Enforcement: inconsistency

James II combined New York, New Jersey, and the various New England colonies into a single unit called the Dominion of New England.

sent from England to serve as governor of the the Dominion of New England. made himself unpopular by levying taxes, limiting meetings, and revoking land titles.

1688 - succeeded in deposing James and replacing him with William and Mary. This brought the Dominion of New England to an end and they separated again.

• Duke of York. Treated the Dutch settlers well and allowed freedom to worship as they pleased and speak their own language. ordered new taxes, duties, and rents without seeking the consent of a representative assembly. in 1683, he finally allowed New York’s governor to grant broad civil and political rights, including a representative assembly.

• succeeded the throne in 1685.

  • determined to increase royal control over the colonies by combining them into larger units.

  • 1686 - combined NY, NJ, and other New England colonies into Dominion of New England.

  • Did not remain in power for long. Uprising against him - Glorious Revolution

form of labor where an individual is under contract to work without a salary to repay an indenture or loan within a certain timeframe

• used by Virginia Company at first who hoped to meet the need for labor.

• in effect, the servants were under absolute rule of their owners until their work period ended.

• after that period, they gained freedom and worked for wages or got land to farm.

Virginia attempted to attract immigrants through offers of land. Offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for his own passage and any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant’s passage.

1619 - dutch ships brought back Africans to Virginia. At first, their children were free. But by the end of the 1660s, the Virginia House of Burgesses had enacted discriminatory laws that set slavery in stone.

slave laws:

• 1641 - Massachusetts recognized the enslavement of “lawful captives:

• 1661 - Virginia said that children inherited their mother’s enslaved status

• 1664 - Maryland declared that baptism did not affect an enslaved person’s status and that white women could not marry black men.

• Racism and slavery soon became integral to colonial society.

three-part trade route. First, a ship starting from a New England port such as Boston would carry rum across the Atlantic to West Africa. There the rum would be traded for hundreds of captive Africans. Next, the ship would set out on the horrendous Middle Passage. Those Africans who survived the frightful voyage would be traded as slaves in the West Indies for a cargo of sugarcane. Third, completing the last side of the triangle, the ship would return to a New England port where the sugar would be sold to be used in making rum.

the forced voyage of enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas and Caribbean islands; part of triangular trade