Chapter 11 Study Guide

Feudal System

Social system organized according to class that included lords, nobles, royalty, peasants, and serfs

Atheism

denial of the existence of God

Indulgence

Removal of some or all of the temporal punishment for sins that have already been forgiven

Plenary Indulgence

the forgiveness of all punishments due to sin

Lords

Ruled over individual districts known as manors

Serfs

Poor farmers who were bound to the manor where they were born

Louis IX

The king of France who promoted Christianity throughout his kingdom and died a Saint

Simony

the act of buying or selling Church Privileges

Lay Investiture

the appointment of the clergy by lay people

Temporal Punishment

The consequence of sin which entails an unhealthy attachment to creatures which must be purified wither here on earth on after death in a state called purgatory

Monks

considered the ideal Christians during this time period who worked to keep the faith

Abbey of Cluny

Founded in 910, restored Benedictine Rule to what it originally was, stressed liturgy and continuous prayer, generous to the poor, many members became pope, under the pope (royalty couldn’t control)

Hermit

had a desire for penance and poverty that drove many men and women into secluded places: forests, caves, islands, and deserts

Anchorite

Men and women who shut themselves up in cells built against the sides of churches for a life of prayer

St. Bruno

Combined the life of a hermit (eremitic life) with communal life

Cistercians

A new order founded to recapture the Benedictine austerity, Very poor in clothing, food, and buildings, Simple liturgy, Solitude in the middle of forests, Known for clearing and improving the land, Most well-known Cistercian- St. Bernard of Clairvaux

St. Bernard of Clairvaux

Worked at clergy reform and the Christianization of society, Stressed union with God over asceticism (strong self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence), Taught that all religion should lead to charity, A Father of the Church, Founded 66 abbeys in his lifetime

Regular Canons

Priests who followed the religious rule of St. Augustine (Rule of St. Augustine is based on love of God and neighbor)

Jesus and Mohammed

OPPOSITES: Jesus-forgive enemies, turn the other cheek, love your neighbor

Mohammed-raid, pillage, murder (even a mother sleeping with her children), fight, and force conversions, 15 wives (youngest 9, 11 at one time)

Jihad

holy war, accepted death enthusiastically in their ‘striving on the road to God’

Results of Muslim domain

Church center shifts from Rome to North, Constantinople most important Christian center in East

Galileo (edpuzzle)

Spread heresy even though the Church supported his theories, treated theories as facts, Church allowed him to continue studies while under house arrest (in a luxurious room)

Psalter (from textbook)

the book of Psalms

List the 3 conditions for a Mortal Sin

Grave matter, full knowledge of the evil of the act, complete consent

List and know the 4 last things

Death, Judgement, Heaven, and Hell

JOY stand for

Jesus, Others, Yourself

At this time, it was the Catholic faith that united the people of _____________

Europe

Know the major abuses going on during the High Middle Ages and the Church’s response to them

Holy things sold, selling of indulgence, lay investiture, Concorde of worms (1122), Lateran Council (1123); The Church REFORMED

When did the crusades begin?

1095

Who asked for the crusades and why?

Emperor Alexius of the Eastern Roman Empire to help protect Eastern Christians

What had been the Christian response to 400 years of killing, enslavement, robbing, etc. prior to the crusades?

they prayed for their enemies

Council of Clermont

Pope Urban II called all Christians to come to the aid of their Eastern brothers and sisters

Who was supposed to be in charge of the crusades and who wasn’t?

Pope and representative in charge, Kings and Princes not in charge

What motivated people to fight in the crusades?

Religious conviction, Promise of money, land, indulgences, etc. if they survived (66% died)

What was the end result of the 4 major Crusades?

failure to retake Holy Lands

What did the Venetians do during the 4th Crusade, what was the pope’s response?

Sacked Constantinople; Pope excommunicated them

What were the lasting effects on the East/West relationship because of the Crusades?

drove the wedge deeper between the east and west

Ecclesiastical Inquisition

Official Catholic court that examined charges of heresy; Church would judge cases, state or civil powers: NOT INQUISITION - who would try the heretic and punished them with imprisonment, fines, pilgrimages, or death

What were the goals of the Inquisition Court?

Conversion and Salvation

What religious group of people was tried at the Inquisitional Court?

only Catholics

Why did the Civil governments (not the Church) put heretics to death?

it was seen as destructive to the social order

Did creating the Ecclesiastical Inquisition increase or decrease deaths?

decrease

How often was torture used and for how long?

2% overall once for 15 minutes

What was the Church’s penalty for being Heretic?

excommunication

What did the Civil Governments sometimes do to a person who had been guilty of heresy?

killed them

What were the 3 goals of the Crusades in a nutshell? (ESSAY)

help people, protect people, and prevent more people from dying

The crusades are seen as a dark mark on Church History. Some argue that the Church cannot claim to be infallible in her teachings because she promoted a religious war that was clearly unjust. How would you answer this viewpoint? (ESSAY)

There is a difference between revealed teachings of Christ (those things which are infallibly proclaimed by the Church) and mistakes made by people within the Church. Also, the Crusades were a response to 400 years of suffering! That’s longer than the United States has existed. People seem to forget it. The Church is made up of sinners and saints.

“There is no saint without a past and no sinner without a future.” -St. Augustine