Ultimate APUSH Review

• New population increase

• Increased political unification

• Desire for luxury goods by upper-class

Transfer of food, animals, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and America

• Introduction of new goods

  • Pigs and cattle altered diet

  • Horses revolutionized farming, warfare, nomadic lifestyles

• Spread of smallpox

• Gold attracted more colonists

• New staple grain crops (eg maize) allowed for population growth

• Wealth influx allowed for the rise of capitalism over feudalism

Portugal and Spain in West Africa

Native Americans died in large amounts from European diseases and knew the land far better than the Spanish colonists.

Spanish system of Native enslavement in which “encomanderos” were granted land and the labor of the Natives living on it; in return, they had to “Christianize” the Native peoples. Opposed by Bartolome De Las Casas.

1680 rebellion against Spanish; occurred in response to forced conversion. Spaniards didn’t return for a little over a decade.

Spread of Christianity and gain of wealth; decently common for assimilation/intermarriage to occur (Mestizos)

The French were much bigger on fish and fur trading than colonization—and in comparison to the Spanish and English, far fewer settled in the Americas. Occasional trade-motivated intermarriage.

Money—English econ. had changed significantly between wars and Colombian Exchange. Nobles and peasantry wanted economic opportunity. Evasion of primogeniture laws.

In which Private English investors pooled money for exploration in Americas.

1676 — Jamestown needs more land for tobacco → Natives attack → Gov. Berkley provides no aid → Nathaniel Bacon and other indentured servants lead attack on Natives and Berkley’s plantations. As a result, wealthy farmers begin to fear indentured servants and begin using African slaves for tobacco farming instead.

Jamestown—first perm. settlement—founded by a joint-stock company; started by looking for gold and silver, went through a famine before discovering and MASSIVELY PROFITING off of tobacco. Big on tobacco and big on money across the board.

Mainly populated by Puritan families. Motivated by economy AND religious freedom (but to an extent). Balance between agriculture and commerce.

Agricultural giant growing sugarcane. INSANE amount of enslaved people to satisfy labor req.—thus, exceedingly harsh slave codes (eg Barbados Slave Code).

Large export economy based on cereal crops by virtue of many rivers/canals/streams. Diversely populated.

High amounts of religious freedom and often negotiated with Natives for more land as opposed to just taking it.

Virginian rep. assembly that could levy taxes and pass laws.

New England Pilgrim-signed contract that org. government as a self-governing church congregation.

Trade moving in a triangle from America, to Britain, to Africa, to America. Example: New England rum is exchanged for enslaved Africans, enslaved Africans are exchanged for West Indie sugarcane, West Indie sugarcane is exchanged for rum…

Britain wishes to maintain favorable balance of trade (more exports than imports). Uses colonies to import raw materials and to export manufactured goods.

1. Merchants can only engage in trade w English colonies in English ships

2. Certain valuable trade items can only pass through British ports (where they were taxed).

Elites buy more goods → status becomes tied to wealth, not heritage

English need more land → encroach on natives → war (1675-78).

The English expelled Natives (eg Metacom’s War), the Spanish subjugated Natives (which led to the Pueblo Revolt), and the French were generally pretty chill (fur/fish trade, intermarrying for more trade)

Horrifying part of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade that utilized inhumane slave ships for profit

Further south = more enslaved.

Became harsher as time went on—legally defined enslaved as chattel and made slavery perpetual + hereditary.

Covert: slowed progress by breaking tools, damaging crops. Overt: rebellions (eg Stono)—mainly present when Black population>white population.

1739 — West Indies, slave rebellion that burned plantations and killed white individuals along the SC Stono river. Challenged slaveholder justifications that they were doing “the right thing”.

European movement emphasizing rational thinking over faith/tradition. Spread to US via Trans-Atlantic print culture.

Enlightenment-era concept spread by people such as John Locke. People have rights to life/liberty/property by virtue of existing. Hand in hand with consent of the governed (in my opinion, at least.)

Massive colonial religious revival—split between “New Light” preachers and “Old Lights” who rejected religious revivals.

Enlightenment thinkers (eg John Locke) awakened colonists to ideas of liberty/rights/democratic gov’t—Great Awakening bound society together via a nationwide movement. Americans thus increasingly broke from and rebelled against Britain.

French and Natives vs British and Colonists. 1754-1763

Theatre of Seven Years’ War — based on a land dispute in Ohio River Valley between French and British. French are removed from North America.

1. American colonists push westward towards new, French-ceded land → Natives raid in response → British Proclamation Line of 1763 to protect colonists from Natives by stifling westward expansion past Appalachians.

2. Britain is broke → raises taxes on colonists, ends period of salutary neglect.

British laws (eg Navigation Acts) not heavily enforced in the colonies by virtue of distance—continued up until end of French and Indian War.

1765 — British soldiers kept in colonies, leaving colonists responsible for their food and housing.

1764 — Taxed wine, coffee AND enforced preexisting taxes on molasses

1765 — Taxed all paper items in the colonies

1764 — No printing of money in colonies; so, in short, money supply in the colonies decreased as taxes increased. Uh oh!

1765 — 27 delegates from 9 colonies petitioned the British gov’t to repeal the Stamp Act due to issues with taxation w/o representation. NOT revolutionary in any sense.

Colonist boycotts + protests (eg Stamp Act Congress)

1766 — passed after repeal of Stamp and Sugar Act. Asserted that Parliament can pass whatever laws they want in the colonies, forever

1767 — spiritual successor to the Sugar/Stamp act — taxed colonist imports such as paper, tea, glass…

Massive boycotts and protests that brought the colonists together as a nation, actually. Increased tension between England and colonies.

1770 — British soldiers opened fire on an anti-British crowd, killing 4. Galvanized anti-British sentiment despite acquittal.

1773 — earlier Tea Act gave British East India Company a monopoly on tea in the colonies. Led to passing of Intolerable Acts

1774 — Notably, Coercive Acts (shut down Boston Harbor until all BTP tea was paid for) and a second Quartering Act. Passed in response to Boston Tea Party.

1774 — delegates from almost every colony met up to discuss growing British legislative tyranny. Decided colonies needed to resist further violations of liberty—but hoped for reconciliation.

1776 — Written by Thomas Paine, argued for independence from Britain and utterly disavowed monarchy. Distilled Enlightenment thought into the common population.

1776 — written by Jefferson (mainly) after Second Continental Congress. Aired grievances with George III.

Poorly-trained American soldiers/militia vs insane British army, lack of funds, and Loyalist opposition

1777 — American victory, convinced France to provide aid to the colonies.

1781 — Utilized French aid to deal decisive, war-ending blow against Britain

Asserted that women were vital to American democracy by virtue of their ability to raise little American sons and thus needed to be educated.

French Revolution (1789), Haitian Revolution (1781), and some Latin American revolutions

1781 — first governing constitution of America — provided for an EXCEEDINGLY weak government guided by the states that was in practice unchangeable.

1787 — promoted public education, protected private property, abolished slavery in NW territory and provided a means for western territories to become states (>60k people)

1786-7 — A rebellion led by Daniel Shays in response to an uncaring government re: heavy debts and taxing on farmers who fought in the American Revolution. Highlighted weakness of Articles of Confederation.

1787 — meeting of state delegates to debate what to do with the weak Articles of Confederation: reform or rewrite?

Virginia Plan: strong centralized state, bicameral legislature with representatives based on population.

New Jersey Plan: Unicameral legislature with equal amounts of representatives.

Resolved through Great Compromise.

1. 3/5 Compromise

2. Slave trade outlawed in 1808

Compromise between Virginia and New Jersey plans: bicameral legislation, one by pop. (House of Representatives) and one equal (Senate).

A compromise struck to determine population for representation in House of Representatives—enslaved African-Americans counted as 3/5s of one person.

Hamilton—fan of strong central government, loose interpretation, and urban/elite interests. Liked new Constitution.

Jefferson—preferred strict interpretation and disliked strong central power in the new Constitution.

Added alongside the Constitution to appease Anti-Federalist concerns—provided protection for individual and state rights individually and against federal overreach

Sharing of power between national and state government.

Highly contested; Establish a National Bank and gather all debt of states from Revolutionary War to be given to the federal gov’t, allowing US to borrow money but creating more reliance on the federal government.

1793 — Washington proclamation to not get involved in French Revolution (opposing Jefferson).

Treaty created after British impressment of Americans for French Revolution; British gave up military post on Western Frontier.

1795 — between Spain and US — Southern border at 31st parallel, US can use New Orleans for trade

1794 — Hamiltonian bill to tax whiskey passed → Penn. farmers attack tax collectors, but were quashed by US Army (and George Washington)! Proved that the Constitution could deal with rebellions that the AoC failed to.

Jefferson—successors to Anti-Federalists, fans of states’ rights and rural/agricultural interests

1797 — warned against political parties and foreign entanglements; first one aged like milk, the second governed the US up until 1945.

Idea that women need to be educated in order to fulfill their role by raising little republican, American children.

1803 — land purchase from France that doubled the size of the US. Jefferson went against his own values as a strict constructionist to enact the purchase.

1803 — Marshall Court — established judicial review in which Supreme Court is the final arbiter of the Constitution and can declare laws unconstitutional.

1819 — Marshall Court — Established that National Law > State Law when they contradict.

1. Continued impressment of Americans by Britain

2. Britain was sending aid to Natives attacking those on the frontier

Democratic-Republicans in the HoR eager for war with Britain.

1814 — In which Federalists threatened to secede from the United States over disagreement with the Democratic-Republican war hawks.

Significantly increased nationalism that essentially ended the Federalist Party.

1. The US needed a national bank in order to have reliable credit to raise funds, which had expired in 1811

2. Generally awful infrastructure

Henry Clay’s proposal of:

1. Federally funded internal improvements

2. Federal tariffs protecting American manufacturers

3. A Bank of the United States

By taxing exports and funding internal improvements mainly connecting the North and Midwest, the South was at a disadvantage.

Up until the addition of Missouri to the US, there were a perfect balance of “slave” vs “free” states.

1819 — A proposed amendment that would ban slavery in Missouri after 25 years. Viewed as a threat to slavery everywhere by Southerners.

AKA Compromise of 1820 — Missouri would be added as a slave state and Maine would be added as a free state. Established the 3630 line as the slave/free state boundary.

1819 — After an attack on Spanish Florida by Andrew Jackson, Spain sold Florida to the US and established a new border between the two countries’ land.

1823 — President Monroe’s declaration that the Western Hemisphere belonged to and was the business of the United States, not Europe. Pretty foundational foreign policy that would be built upon later by T.Roosevelt—however, it was motivated not only by claims to land, but by trade as well.

The linking of northern industry with western and southern farms via advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation. KEY CAUSE OF FUTURE REFORM MOVEMENTS.

1825 — constructed in New York, linking western farms with northern manufacturing and inspired further canal-building.

1820s-30s, supplanted canals and were heavily encouraged by the US government.

Canals, railroads, steamboats

Market-revolution-era advancement—invented by Eli Whitney and gave rise to the factory system and more efficient production of goods.

1798 invention by Eli Whitney—meant to make slavery less important, instead slavery exploded with more efficient production.