P3: Normalisation of the church

Why was the church important culturally?

All life revolved around religion. It was seen as a matter of life or death and you lived life to avoid eternal damnation in hell. This gave the church influence

Why was the church important economically?

The church had lots of fees for the local people eg tithe 1/10 of profit. This made them wealthy. Plus, lords often gave the church land to avoid damnation, so the church had lots of land

How much land did the church own?

25%

In what ways was the Anglo Saxon church corrupt?

• simony

• pluralism

• nepotism

• not celibate

What word describe what happened to the church?

Normanisation

What incident occurred because of another powerful archbishop in England?

Primacy of Canterbury (1072)

• Lanfranc has primacy over Thomas of York eg Pallium dispute

How did Lanfranc make the church more pure?

Banned clergy from being married, but those who were already married could stay married (cooperation)

State the hierarchy of the church

• Pope

• Archbishop

• Bishop

• Archdeacon

• Deacon

• Parish Priest

What did each level of the church hierarchy have to take care of?

diocese

How did Lanfranc’s changes to the church hierarchy help to establish control?

centralised the power of the church in England

How had the number of parish churches changed?

Double from 1070 to 1100

How did Lanfranc spread the reformation?

Synods: ecclesiastical councils

How did William’s relationship with Pope Alexander II affect the English church?

Good relations with each other. This accelerated the reformation (part of the greater movement)

How did Lanfranc change church government?

Introduction of church courts (1076). This meant that the clergy were not tried in the secular court anymore. Although this undermined William’s government, the symbiotic relationship between Lanfranc and him meant that there wasn’t conflict (although this will change)

How did the Normans change cathedrals?

• knock downs and rebuilt

• in towns and cities rather than rural areas

• romanesque style eg Durham Cathedral

How did William I relationship with the papact change with Gregory VII?

Worsened relations as Greg wanted the supremacy of the papacy over Kings, but William disagreed. Although he did reintroduce Peter’s Pence to Rome

What are some problems caused by William II in the church? (3)

• Church courts: 1088 conflict with Bishop of Durham secular vs church court

• Refusal to appoint new church positions to get income from their land

• Rise in simony eg Herbet Losigna payed 1000 marks to become Bishop of Thetford

How did Anselm and William II have a limited relationship?

Anselm appointed in 1093

• Anselm was reluctant to take the role but forced

• Anselm did not agree with William’s religious actions (or lack there of)

• Each refused to do what the other wanted eg tax

What caused and what did the Council of Rockingham represent?

Anselm wanted a Pallium to legitimise himself from Rome but William didn't want to accept the power of Pope Urban II

• Rockingham (1095) shows an attempt for compromise between the two, but there was lots of argument and debate

• Despite this partial cooperation Anselm was exiled (1097) representing a failure in their relationship

How did the relationship with the papacy change with Henry I?

Problems over investiture and homage to the king.

Concordat of London (1107)

• loss of investiture but still pay homage

• shows an easing of tensions between papacy and king and bettering of relations

Why were monasteries important?

• centres of education

• centres of economy eg farming eg Fountains Abbey sheep

How did Lanfranc reform the monasticism?

• Regulate the lives of monks: before many monks did not follow Benedictine teachings fully eg not vegetarian

• Changed the liturgy

• Create a clear hierarchy: this centralised the churches power

Example of a monastery

St Albans

How did the number of monasteries change under the Normans?

From 1066-1135 x5

How did Lanfranc change the Abbots?

Anglo Saxon to Norman eg 3/21 were Norman by 1086

What were some differences between the Cluniac and Benedictine order?

• Cluniac more strictly adhere to teachings

• Cluniac all answered to Abbot of Cluny

• Preached ‘lay brothers’ whereas Benedictine were self-sufficient

How many Cluniac monasteries by 1135?

24

Why was the Cluny order introduced?

Strict adherence to order set an example for others and was a forerunner of religious reform - it was a symbol eg Castle Acre Priory (1089)

What was the connection between monasteries and education?

Only monasteries taught people eg to become priests themselves. Teaching subjects like:

• latin

• music

• astronomy

What did the Normans introduce into education?

Higher education eg University of Oxford (1096)

When was secular education introduced?

1382

How did language change under the Normans?

• All official, government and religious language was now latin

• The language of the elite was Norman-french

• The language of the poor remained English