Honors Chem Semester 1 Final Review

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Halogens (HON Halogens)

Involves a number

Relates to quality instead of a number

Gas, liquid, and solid

1)make observations

2)formulate hypotheses

3)perform experiments

Characteristics that are directly observable and unique to a substance (ex. Odor, color, volume, state, density, or melting/boiling point)

Changes in 1 or more physical properties of a substance, not in its chemical composition

A substance's ability to form new substances; describe the behavior of matter (ex. Flammability, the rusting of steel, digestion of food, etc.)

A change in the identify of a substance

Organized, close together, fixed volume and shape

Less organized, semi-close, definite volume, and takes the shape of its container

Unorganized, moving quickly, no definite volume or shape

Left side of the periodic table, except hydrogen

Good at conducting heat and electricity, malleable, ductile (able to be drawn out into thin wire), and has a lustrous and shiny appearance

Elements that have some metal and nonmetal properties

Have a combination of metallic and nonmetallic properties, most are very reactive, not usually found in combined forms (ex. Noble metals-gold, platinum, and silver)

Appear on the right side of the periodic table

Lack properties of metals, have a variety of properties, and can be gases, solids, or liquids

Alkali metals

Alkali-earth metals

Halogens

Noble gases

Transition metals

Electron, neutron, and proton

Positive 1 charge and mass of 1836

Negative charge of 1 and mass of 1

Neutral charge and mass of 1839

Created Dalton's atomic theory (1.Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms; 2.All atoms of a given element are identical; 3. The atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element; 4. Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other elements to form compounds. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms; 5. Atoms are indivisible in chemical processes. That is, atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions. A chemical reaction simply changes the way the atoms are grouped together.)

Founded electrons

Created the plum pudding model(idea that the atom might be something like plum pudding—a pudding with raisins randomly distributed throughout. The atom might be thought of as a uniform "pudding" of positive charge with enough negative electrons scattered within to counterbalance that positive charge.)

Arranged the elements and essentially created the periodic table.

Created the Rutherford model that proved Kelvin's plum pudding model wrong

Arrhenius proposed that an acid is a substance that produces H+ ions when it is dissolved in water. Arrhenius also found that aqueous solutions that exhibit basic behavior always contain hydroxide ions. He defined a base as a substance that produces hydroxide ions in water.

A compound made of 2 elements

Metal with a nonmetal

Nonmetal with nonmetal

Metal forms only one cation(groups 1-3, zinc, and silver); ends in -ide

Metal can form 2 or more cations(transition metals); uses Roman numerals to indicate charge on the metal cation (I ATE acid and it was IC-ky and O US we ITE)

Uses prefixes

Double displacement and a solid forms

Product includes water and reactants include hydrogen(H) and hydroxide(OH)

Formation of a gas/single-replacement reaction, combustion reaction, synthesis reaction, and decomposition reaction

Single replacement (A+BC->B+AC)

Involves oxygen and produces energy in the form of heat

Compound becomes simpler (A+B->AB)

Compound is broken down into simpler substances (AB->A+B)

1,000,000

1,000

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.000001

0.000000001

Temperature in kelvin=temperature in Celsius+273

Temperature in Celsius=temperature in kelvin-273

Temperature in Celsius=(temperature in Fahrenheit-32)/1.80

Temperature in Fahrenheit=1.80(temperature in Celsius)+32

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8