HUM History Test East Asia

THE DYNASTYS

go sing ur little song

• Shang

• Zhou (Joe)*

• Qin (chin)**

• Han

• Sui (sway) golden age

• Tang

• Song

• Yuan (mongols, first non-chinese dynasty)

• Ming

• Qing (ruled by Manchurians)

• Republic

•   

• Mao Zedong

Shang/Zhou dynasty

• Shang dynasty was real, pre-confucianism but still ideology

• Oracle bones discovered, they have writing so its big, same kinda words used today so wow

• Shang-Zhou bc wicked king so eclipse-like thing so mandate gone so enemies come and things burn

Buddhism type in east asia

• Majayana (east Asian)

• Mandate of Heaven

• Idea started in Shang dynasty

• Leader by ability + virtue

• Could be revoked by negligence/abuse, the will of the people is important

• Natural disasters seen as signs that mandate is removed, people’s job to remove the emperor

• Confucianism!!!

• Guiding principle, not god/what happens after death religion

• Confucius

  • Born noble but raised in poverty

  • Says good ruler inspires others to follow him, not with harsh punishments

  • Bc we form identity from families, family is over all

  • Starts teaching at beginning of warring states period

  • How to live but also how to rule

  • Teachings wrote in the analects 

  • Tomb smashed then rebuilt

• Guiding Ideas - Correct behavior, humanity, empathy, honesty, respect elders (filial piety)

• 5 relationships (tied to respect elders)

• Organize by status, age, and gender

• Today big principle religous/political thought, bad during communism is back

Daoism

• Lao-Zi founder

• Not as prevalent in stuff as Confucianism

• Dao De Jing - Basic text of Daoism/poem (wrote it + left)

• Major Principles

  • Goal is to become one with nature

  • drift on the stream of infinite flux

  • Man is sad bc they follow man-made laws and stuff that are anti-nature

• Goal

  • Escape social/political/cultural traps of life

  • Discover nature + the rhythm of the universe

• Yin/Yang thought

• Legalism

• Han Fei starter - Lived in late warring states period

• Humans = bad, need harsh leader and laws

• Authoritarian - all power to ruler

• Qin Dynasty

• Qin against Confucians (like killing a bunch of scholars against)

• Unites states, strong economy/peace, standardizes language, legalism thought

• Starts construction on Great Wall

• TerraCotta Army

• Info from Qin dynasty comes from Han dynasty, who didn’t fancy Qin (bias)

• Han Dynasty

• Qin dies and things fall apart

• Han dynasty is Confucianism (not immediate tho)

• Balance between control + freedom

• Emperor Wudi

  • Seen as height of Han empire

  • Colonizers (collect taxes/tribute), spreads Confucianism to Korea, Vietnam, Manchuria (bc confucianism, look to China)

  • Public school systems + Civil service system

  • Peace + Economic stability (so flourishing art)

Silk Road

• What - important bc disease and ideas (lots of Buddhism)

• Where - connecting west/east

• Who - not one person, switch out along the way, jack up prices slowly

• In Han dynasty?

  • We still have global exchange today

• Spread of Buddhism on road

  • Merchants like it so it spreads, conversion coluntary bc link to merit

  • Budd changes to Mahayan Budd - Buddha more of deity + picks up other culture

• Growth of Road

  • Silk traded bc symbol of status + currency + associated with budd and Christ

• Disease spreads

  • China + Europe from black death its bad

  • Bad/spreads bc used to be isolated things peeps used to, but have contact

• Three Kingdoms/ Yellow turban rebellion

• Fighting after Han dynasty

• Book written about it 1000 years later, lots literary fiction

• East China practicing Taoism, claim Han dynasty must stop bc sky turns yellow

• 3 bros killed (what a surprise the people are just madder)

• Cycle of rebellion + war, gov giving out more individual power

• Emperor dies with no heir (has 2 sons and a wife)

• Dude strong right place, right time, goes and takes control and makes himself regent, younger son emperor, then kicked out

• Powerful dude comes, manipulates sons, mean regent as a tyrant

• Basically goes to civil war

• Tang dynasty

• Around silk road

• Golden age

• New tech (gunpowder, clocks, porcelain)

• Grand Canal

  • Still a thing today

  • Key to the rise of the south

  • Yangzhou like in the middle and really pops up

• Golden Age of relations with other countries (Japan, Korea, Persia)

• Spread of Buddhism in China (liberal attitude towards all religions)

• Empress We Zetian - Only female Empress in China’s history

• Decline of Buddhism in China + Tang bc buddhism kinda corrupt

• Song Dynasty

• Urban, merchant, middle class

• More emphasis on education + books

• Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power

• Imperial examination system perfected (exams to be a political leader)

• Start of decline for China

Early periods

• Jomon period - like really early, settle living off the sea

• Yamato period - clan-based, Prince starts adopting Chinese culture

• Nara period (700 CE) - adopt/modify chinese system (confu), rise of buddhism, begin to rival China

• Shintoism

• Ancient belief system in Japan

• 80% say there Shinto, but today it's more cultural with other religion (christianity, buddhism)

• Polytheism

• Ancestor Worship (filial piety)

• Hyper-nationalism

  • Only Shinto is japanese in japan

• Believed that the gods birthed the island(s) of japan

• The world of the kami - Inhabit things in nature

• Great Creator

  • Amaterasu: Sun goddess, emporer descendent

• Shinto at first doesn’t have like rules like religions, but once christianity comes it does

• Heian Period/Zen Buddhism

• Lady Murasaki Shikibu - wrote tale of Genji

• Tang/Song in China

• Zen Buddhism come in

  • japanese variation of the Mahayana form of Buddhism

  • Came from India thru China

  • Starts in Heian period, keeps growing in tokugawa period

  • Puzzles w/ no answer to accept you don't need to know all (koans)

  • Practices: Chanoyu: Tea Ceremony, Calligraphy, Haiku, Ikebana: Art of flower arranging, Bonzai

  • Nature is very important

    • Most paintings of nature

Structure of Feudal Society in Japan:

• Emperor - descendant of sun god, so always at top, figurehead

• Shogun, protector of emperor, political leader, most powerful samurai

• Daimyos: nobles, land-owners, wealthiest of area, kinda lord of area

• Samurai - loyal to a Daimyo, protect their land and stuff

• Ronin - Samurai kinda not loyal to a Daimyo, paid soldier

• Peasants - work Daimyo land, food from them, loyal to them

• Artisans

• Merchants

Samurai

• Loyalty to Daimyo, not shogun or emperor or japan

• Code of Bushido - How to live, not how to fight (Justice, courage, mercy, politeness, honesty, honor, loyalty, character)

• Seppuku- ritual suicide, Often ordered by Daimyo, so more like an execution

• Clan Ages

• Attempts to unify Japan/take control from Emperor 

• Mongols try to come but kamikaze comes and stops them

• Warring states period where europeans come, christ + foreign trade flourish

• St. Francis Xavier comes, church says no budd/conf ideology allowed so bad 

• Tokugawa period

• Period of 3 guys trying to unify, third dude does best but all considered tokugawa

• Goes like all the way to US Civil war so like LONG “Feudal period”

• 3 unifiers go to unify it, First dude use threats (+portuguese rifle), Second one uses force (bans european + christianity but thats the whole time), Third dude (Tokugawa) is like i'll wait (unifies all of it, shogun and peace)

• Tokugawa Shogunate Period 

  • Japan closed of to trade (but Dutch + Chinese)

  • Christians forbidden

  • Merchant class starts to be RICH

  • How do they control?

    • Move daimyo so peeps not so loyal to new one

    • Alternate attendance/hostage system (every certain years daimyo go to capital, or family come to Edo)

  • Samurai not really fighting, more tutors and poets

  • Sumo fighting for entertainment

  • Kabuki theater

    • New bc historical events and common lives

    • Evolves to more like play and men and things

Ancient Korean Belief System - Origins (Dangun Myth)

• Two tribes come together, god of heaven’s son likes earth, Son goes to earth, kinda civilizations society

• Tells bear + tiger if they stay in cave they can be humans, bear stays and changes

• Son and bear go and becomes the founding ruler of the first kingdom

• Goguyee Kingdom

• One of the 3 kingdoms

• Being invaded by Tui and Song, but stopped

• Very strong military

• Had cool armor (like kinda chain mail and some for horses)

• Baekje Kingdom

• Connection for East Asia

• Lots of trade in here

• Scholars help introduce Buddhism to Japan

• Very artistic era

Silla

• Interest in science + tech

• Nice architecture (good mathematics)

• Lots of metallurgy

• Eventually fully unify with things

• Unified Silla (668-935 CE)

• 1st time peninsula is all under 1 Korean rule

• Very influenced by China

• Spoken korean language, written Chinese

• Developed korean style Buddhism and Confucianism

• Koryo (918-1392)

• Feudal aristocracy (most of the time)

• Buddhism as national religion, confucianism as basis for gov + education

• Korean ideology and cultural uniqueness

• Many times invaded from north, biggest Mongols (Yuan China) in 1200s

• Celadon pottery (process of dying/firing) makes in greenish tint + unique (traded that a lot)

• Printing Tech (woodblock) (could move around the words/letters)

• Choson dynasty (1500-1900)

• Chilling for a while as lots of things revolutionize (globalization)

• Till 1905- Japan takes control of Korea

• Women's rights go bye bye bc confucianism

• 4th King of Sejong the Great

  • Advances in scholarship, science, agriculture, literature, medicine

  • Considered like whoa

  • Political stability

  • Creates written system for korean language (special bc not developed, just made), get rid of using China language, gives people a lot of things

• Looking to China on how to do things

• Japan invades 1592, Imjin war, many die, most civilians, Korea wins

  • General Yi Sun-shin big player on korean side and makes Turtle ships

• Reduce interaction at the end, then many wars kinda impacting Korea

Society and Inequality in Eurasia/North Africa & Society and the State in China

• Officials chosen from educated, often rich bc they had resources, passing exams to get chosen sets you apart

• Landlord class that own big areas, wealthy, luxurious, laws to stop them don’t work

• Peasents have required taxes, labor, and military service, rebellions (Yellow Turban), but solid backbone of society

• Merchants looked down on as shameful way to make a living + greedy, laws against them, but often rich

• Third - Wave Civ

• Connection between other civs

• Fully civ + unique but also diffusion of culture + tech

• East asia center of civ

• Globalization of civs

• States, cities, class, inequalities, “civilized life”

• Islam is big one

• Empires good bc culture in there and travel easier

Silk Road Concepts

• China monopolizes silk/other uneven distribution of trade so people want to trade (mostly elites)

• Merchants are distinct social group, could get very rich

• Trade brings: religious ideas, tech, disease, plants/animals

Gunpowder

• Gunpowder used not for war as an oopsie then small bombs, then 13th/14th fire projectiles, Mongols use it so it spreads

Tribute system in theory:

• China is the best, others give tribute, attempt to regulate relationship, often good for both parties

Tribute System in Practice:

Sometimes empires equal/better so tributes go other way, nomads norm just want goods but pick up pieces if thing collapses, Silk, silver, and tea from china given to nomads, some goes to Silk Road

Nomads influence with China:

• some “become chinese” w/ marrying and culture, Northern Steppes not change and want own culture, Elites like foreign, southerners dont tho

Izumi Shikibu:

 japanese poet/lover, big in court, master of tanka,, affair then with brother then sad then Tale of Genji lady says good poet but scandelous

China Impact on Eurasia/Eurasia Impact on China

China on E: Tech innovations (salt evaporation, papermaking), gunpowder spreads, trading spread silk + porcelain

E on China: rice from vietnam, buddhism from india, indian ocean trade

• Things change bc of lots of factors and diffusion and rebellions and all civs change bc of china and china changed by it

Political structure of China (from Tang + Song)

• 6 major ministries and Censorate

• Censorate surveyed rest of gov

• Make it so aristocratic families hard, but bc rich its easier

• Education valued + mostly needed

Golden Age of China

• Rapid growth

• Urbanize

• Water ways transporting peeps and things

• Industrial products soared (mass-producing weapons)

• Coal powers things

• Lots of innovation

• Mongols conquest in 13th centuries

Women in Song dynasty/Tang also

• In Tang women had more power def in north bc nomad wifes had more freedom

• Reviving Confucianism restrict women lives

• Breaking womens feet now 

• Rapid commercializing economy so women less valued in textile industry, lose ability to make income

• In cities could run restaurants or cell things

• Get property rights and stuff tho

Korea + China

• Buddhism goes in between

• Mostly independent 

• In tribute system

• Confucian values go to Korea, bad for women

• Phonetic alphabet

• Chinese influence mostly with elites

Vietnam + China

• Elite culture from China

• Confucism, Daoism, Buddhism come

• Political independence put fully in tribute system

• Cultural heartland was fully in the Chinese state for like a thousand years

• Use chinese government and court ritual

• Beyond elite still vietnamese culture and different language

• Women's rights despite the chinese

Japan + China

• Physical seperation by ocean so never a part of china

• Choose what to borrow 

• Encourage Buddhism + confucianism

• Elite still like chinese culture

• Still people going in between but stop tribute system in 10th century

• Religiously different with kami

• No mandate of heaven/different gov

• Chinese characters and phonetic symbols make writing system

• Women escaped the opposing features of chinese confucianism

• Influence with china also model for encounter with west where borrow selectively

Chinese and Buddhism

• Get from india and slow go in then to korea + japan

• Come from silk road, translated/changed for confucian thinking and values

• Collapse of Han and peeps like it

• Change to put women down

• But then peeps dont like it and foreign thing, dont like foreign

• State confiscates/sets laws against buddhists

• Blended with others + still important

• “Every black-haired son of Han,” the Chinese have long said, “wears a Confucian thinking cap, a Daoist robe, and Buddhist sandals.” - quote to sum it up

oh yay you’re done hooray go eat a snack, sing your silly little song, look at the map, and come back

or you’re not done bc its on shuffle that sucks i’m sry go finish