量詞 (Liàngcí)
E.g. 個,朵,杯,瓶 etc.
Classifier - used when counting or specifying nouns
E.g.:
個 (gè) - General classifier for people and most objects.
只 (zhī) - Used for animals and one of a pair.
本 (běn) - Used for books, magazines, and other bound items.
張 (zhāng) - Used for flat objects like paper, photos, and tables.
杯 (bēi) - Used for cups, glasses, and drinks.
輛 (liàng) - Used for vehicles like cars, bikes, and motorcycles.
瓶 (píng) - Used for bottles and similar containers.
把 (bǎ) - Used for objects with handles, like umbrellas, chairs, and knives.
匹 (pǐ) - Used for horses and long, narrow objects like scarves or belts.
件 (jiàn) - Used for clothing and items of clothing
了 (le)- ?
過 (guò)- ?
了 - For completed actions
過 - For experienced actions
不/沒有 (bù/méi yǒu)- ?
Negations
的 (de)
Indicates possession or modification
動詞 (Dòngcí)
(Verb)
Verb - indicates completion, possibility, or direction
嗎(ma)- ?
呢(ne)- ?
嗎 - For yes-no questions
呢 - For seeking further information or confirmation
可以(kěyǐ) - ?
能(néng) - ?
應該(yīnggāi) - ?
可以 - For permission
能 - For ability
應該 - For obligation
和(hé/hàn) - ?
但是(dànshì) - ?
因為(yīnwèi) - ?
和 - “and”
但是 - “but”
因為 - “because”
複製 (Fùzhì)
Duplication of a word
Use of reduplication for emphasis or indicating repetition.
Tense and aspect markers - ?
(了和過)
Aspect markers like 了 (le) and 過 (guò) often convey information about the timing or completion of actions
吧(ba)- ?
呀(ya)- ?
啊(a)- ?
吧 - For suggestions or softening requests
呀 - For emphasis or surprise
啊 - For expressing realization or drawing attention
Ba construction (把字句) - ?
Used to indicate the object of an action and often implies a change in the state of the object
Expressing comparison:
比 (bǐ) - ?
最 (zuì) - ?
比 (bǐ) - To indicate comparison between two things
最 (zuì) - To indicate superlatives (the highest degree of comparison)
Expressing possession:
的 (de)
E.g. 我的 (wǒ de), 你的 (nǐ de)…
的 - Is a possessive pronoun
我的 - for “my”
你的 - for “your”
and so on
Expressing duration:
了 (le) or 著 (zhe) - ?
了 or 著 - To indicate the duration of an action.
Expressing condition:
如果 (rúguǒ) - ?
要是 (yàoshi) - ?
如果…就 (rúguǒ…jiù) - ?
如果 - For “if”
要是 - For “if” or “in case“
如果…就 - For “if…then” constructions
Expressing cause and effect:
因為…所以 (yīnwèi…suǒyǐ) - ?
由於 (yóuyú) - ?
因為…所以 - For “because…so”
由於 - For “due to” or “owing to.”
Expressing purpose:
為了 (wèile) - ?
為了 - For “in order to” or “for the purpose of.”
Expressing potentiality:
可能 (kěnéng) - ?
會 (huì) - ?
可能 - For “maybe” or “possible”
會 - For indicating future possibility or probability.