AP Biology- Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Study Guide

As electrons move down the ETC, there is a high concentration of H+ in the thylakoid space, so some protons leave through ATP Synthase. As protons cross, it begins to spin and attaches a phosphate group to ADP.

As electrons move down the ETC, there is a high concentration of H+ in the inner membrane space. Some protons leave through ATP Synthase, so it begins to spin and forms ATP by adding a phosphate group to ADP.

NADP Reductase in the light reactions

The reduction stage of the Calvin Cycle in the stroma

the cytosol during glycolysis and the mitochondria matrix during the citric acid cycle

the mitochondria matrix during the citric acid cycle

the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

photophosporylation requires light energy to occur

the matrix during the citric acid cycle

Photosystem II, in the thylakoid membrane

2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

citric acid, CO2, oxaloacetate, NADH, ATP, FADH2

H2O, ATP, NAD+, FAD

the flow of electrons through the photosystems and other molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane; produces ATP and NADH using light energy

does not produce NADH or O2, only uses photosystem I

the mitochondria and chloroplast were once free and independent prokaryotes

this indicates that the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway. when a cell has enough ATP, then ATP Synthesis can shut down

NADP+

O2

the thyakoid space, stroma

the intermembrane space, matrix

put algae on a slide, added water, and aerobic bacteria. bent light and saw the bacteria congregating in the purple and red areas of light. this illustrated that certain wavelengths of visible light are absorbed better than others, thus some wavelengths of light conduct photosynthesis more effectively than others

Rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin Cycle, producing a 2-carbon compound. Photosynthetic output is decreased by consuming ATP, O2, and organic fuel and releasing CO2 without producing any ATP or sugar. In hot, arid climates, plants will close their stomata to conserve water. This limits photosynthesis and reduces access to CO2 and causes O2 to build up.

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration,

CO2 is attached with RuBP using an enzyme called rubisco. This forms a 6-carbon molecule, 3-phosphoglycerate, which is split into two 3-carbon molecules.

NADPH is oxidized as the organic molecule is reduced to form G3P. 6 ATP and 6 NADPH are required to produce 6 molecules of G3P, but only one exists for use by the cell

the rearrangement of the 5 remaining molecules of G3P to regenerate RuBP. three additional ATP are required to power this step.

blue and red

there is a higher concentration in the lumen than the stroma

there is a higher concentration of protons in the inner membrane space than the matrix

both generate ATP by chemiosmosis but use different sources of energy both use energy from the ETC Both rely on the diffusion of protons through ATP synthase to drive ATP synthesis

oxygen is created through the process of photolysis at photosystem II

the matrix during the citric acid cycle

Substrate level phosphorylation occurs when an enzyme with a phosphate group takes it from one molecule and gives it to ADP. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs when H+ is actively transport into the inner membrane so that they can flow out of ATP Synthase to add a phosphate group to ADP

glycolysis in the cytosol, citric acid cycle in the matrix, oxidative phosphorylation in the inner membrane

Grana are stacked thylakoids. the thylakoids increase surface area

The cristae are the folds in the inner membrane. the cristae also increases surface area

cyclic electron flow produces ATP, and linear electron flow produces ATP, O2, and NADPH

chlorophyll reflects green light

the matrix

pyruvate, NAD+

Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH