Chemistry Unit 3 - Solubility

solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance

solvent

In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves.

solute

substance that is dissolved

NaCl in water

positive side of water molecules pulls neg charged chloride ion off

negative side of water molecules pull pos charged sodium ion

polar molecules dissolve

polar molecules and ionic compounds

solubility rule 1 (covalent compounds)

most covalent compounds don't dissolve in water unless there's a polar portion.

sugars and alcohols

solubility rule 2 (lower electrochemical)

some ionic compounds have lower electrochemical attraction

split to form electrolytes

solubility rule 3 (higher electrochemical)

some ionic compounds have higher electrochemical attraction

precipitate out the solution

saturated solution

a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions

unsaturated solution

any solution that can dissolve more solute at a given temperature

disassociation ionic compounds

the separation of ions that occurs when a solid ionic compound dissolves

ionization

any process that results in the formation of an ion

strong acids and bases...

break apart

weak acids and bases with low solubility...

will not dissolve

polyatomic ions...

will not break apart

covalent compounds...

do not break apart

solubility depends on

the attractions between molecules (cations, anions) of the solute and the solvent

ways to determine unknown ions

color of precipitates

color of flame tests

adding unknown reagents to unknown solutions

relationship between increase in ksp and solubility

increase ksp = increase solubility

ksp is the...

most [ ] an ion can have without ppt

max molar solubility (max a solution can hold) =

the concentration of a saturated solution at a certain temp

saturation and equilibrium

when a solution is at saturation it is at equilibrium

tip>ksp

ppt forms

tip<ksp

no ppt

tip = ksp

equlibrium

molarity

moles / volume

molality

mass / volume

electrolyte

a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current

disassociates into ions

cation

A positively charged ion

anion

A negatively charged ion

dissociation

when strong acids and bases are put into water and break apart