Science Success Criteria

The ability to do work

Measure of energy transfer when an object is moved

Work is done when a force applied to an object causes the object to move in the same direction as the force applied

The rate at which work is done

Joules (J)

Watts

Kj = J/1000

J = Kj x 1000

Work = force x distance

Power = work/time

Potential energy is stored energy. It is energy that could make work happen.

The energy of an object due to its motion. Involves a movement

• gravitational potential energy

• chemical potential energy

• nuclear potential energy

• elastic potential energy

Energy stored in objects that can be stretched, compressed or bent. When released, they go back to their original form. e.g. rubber band, bouncy ball

How stretched, compressed or bent an object is - the more stretched, compressed or bent, the more elastic potential energy.

Because it could lead to work happening but it hasn't happened yet.

The energy of an object stored in its position above the earth. e.g. a bolder at the top of a hill, a child at the top of a slide

Objects have gravitational potential energy when they could be pulled down due to gravity

The height - the higher the object, the more GPE The mass - the heavier the object, the more GPE

Because objects have stored energy due to their height above the earth, which could lead to work happening due to gravity

Energy stored in the nucleus of the atom. It is within the strong bond that holds the nucleus together.

Because it is stored energy that can be transformed into kinetic energy leading to work. (Usually transferred into heat/thermal energy)

There are two types: fission = 1 nucleus is split in 2 fusion = 2 nuclei are smashed together

As one nucleus breaks it releases particles which fly off and into other atoms, causing their nuclei's to break.

Energy stored in bonds between atoms. Found between atoms. e.g. fuels, food, batteries

Because it is energy that is stored and is not working yet but could lead to work when transformed.

Organisms ‘run on’ Chemical energy: cells break apart the bonds between atoms to use it. Fats and oils are made up of long chains of atoms = lots of bonds = lots of energy

Energy produced by the vibration of particles

Sound moves in longitudinal/compressional waves. the vibration is transferred from particle to particle in all directions. The particles vibrate back and forth, however they stay in the same spot.

Because it involves the movement of particles.

Sound travels by vibrating particles. If there are no particles to vibrate, it can not travel. There are no air particles in a vacuum so sound cannot travel.

It is reflected and bounces back towards the source. This is the cause of echoes.

It is absorbed and sound energy is transferred into thermal energy in the material. Less sound comes back to the source.

It is diffused and the sound is reflected back in all different directions. The sound is muffled.

Solid = fastest Liquid = middle Gas = slowest

Sound moves the quickest in solids because the particles are tightly compacted and therefore each particle can easily transfer vibrations to neighbouring particles.

A type of energy that moves through electric and magnetic fields.

Light travels as a wave through electric and magnetic fields. It DOES NOT NEED PARTICLES.

Because it involves the motion of waves through the elecric and magnetic fields.

300 000 000 m/s

The complete range of radiation released from the sun. It is the range of wavelengths that electromagnetic radiation contains.

SMALLEST Gamma X-ray Ultraviolet Visible light Infrared Microwaves Radiowaves LARGEST

Red light is the biggest in wave size = small bending Violet light is the smallest in wave size = large bending

A change in direction of a light wave as it bounces off a surface

The bending of light as it enters or leaves a material

The splitting of white light into the different colours of the visible light spectrum

All light is transmitted through and a clear image can be seen through the substance

Some light is reflected and some light passes through but is scattered. A fuzzy image can be seen through the substance.

Light is either reflected or absorbed - no light is transmitted. No image can be seen through the substance.

e.g. if light is transmitted it goes through the material

Energy caused by the movement of electrons from atom to atom. Movement of electrons in a current (flow in one direction)

Because it involves the movement of electrons from one atom to another.

The total movement of particles in an object

Because it involves the movement of particles or waves

Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object. It tells us how hot or cold something is. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from object to object.

From hot to cold. Thermal energy moves from the object with the higher kinetic energy to the object with lower

The transfer of thermal energy from one particle of matter to another via direct particle to particle contact. Heat transferred through collision of particles. As particles with higher kinetic energy come in contact with particles with lower kinetic energy, the energy is transferred, making them vibrate faster.

The transfer of thermal energy through the bulk movement fo matter. Non contact, liquids and gases. Energy transferred through bulk movements due to density differences. Heated, less dense particles rise, and cooler, less dense particles fall.

The transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves. Doesn't require particles - moves as waves through electromagnetic radiation. Moves in all directions and can travel through space.