Bio 112 Final Exam

Parasites that can feed on multiple hosts

• Mechanism where species divide available resources to reduce competition.

• The differentiation of niches, in both space and time, that enables similar species to coexist in a community.

Process where plants release chemicals to inhibit the growth of nearby competing plants

Organisms that reproduce multiple times throughout their life

Seed leaves of flowering plants

• Process where plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves.

• The process by which water evaporates from the aerial parts of plants, usually via the stomata of leaves.

Plant hormone involved in fruit ripening and senescence.

• Promotes seedling growth, induces fruit ripening

• Plays a role in leaf and petal aging and drop

• Coordinates defenses against osmotic stress and pathogen attack

Plant hormones that promote cell division and growth

• Promote cell division, influence cell specialisation and plant aging

• Activate secondary meristem development, promote adventitious root growth

• Promote shoot development on callus

Structure in plants that contains xylem and phloem for nutrient transport

Process of transformation in insects from larva to adult form

A form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops without fertilization

Chemical compounds produced by plants that are not essential for growth but may have ecological functions

Tissue in seeds that provides nutrients to the developing plant embryo

Life cycle where plants alternate between a haploid and gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte generation

A diverse group of amoeboid protozoa and slime molds

• Move using pseudopodia

Oomycete pathogen responsible for the Irish potato famine

Diverse group of protists with hairy flagella

Nutritional mode where organisms ingest food particles

Protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans

Communication system used by bacteria to coordinate gene expression based on population density

Membrane-bound compartments inside where photosynthesis takes place

Evolutionary history of a group of organisms

Similarity in traits due to shared ancestry

• Can be developmental, anatomical, or molecular

Large-scale evolutionary changes over long periods

Small-scale changes within a population

Acts of self-sacrifice indirectly promote the spread of an organism’s genes

Group containing altruists would have a survival advantage over group composed of selfish individuals

• more likely because:

• Mutant individuals that use resources have an advantage over those that conserve resources

• Selfish individuals can immigrate from other areas

• Members of one sex compete for partners and the winner gets most of the matings

• Mate competition between individuals

• In many species, females do not actively choose between males

• Instead they mate with competitively superior males

• Member of one sex chooses mate based on certain characteristics

• Often based on plumage color or courtship displays

• Female choice

• More offspring produced than can survive

• Competition for resources

• No new mutations

• No natural selection occurs

• No migration

• Random mating

• Allele frequencies do not change

• Individuals at one extreme of the phenotypic range have greater reproductive success in a particular environment

• Initiators

  • New allele with higher fitness introduced

  • Prolonged environmental change

• Favors the survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes

• Extreme values of a trait are selected against

• Clutch size

  • Too many eggs and offspring - die due to lack of care and food

  • Too few eggs - does not contribute enough to next generation

• Favors the survival of two or more different genotypes that produce different phenotypes

• Likely to occur in populations that occupy heterogeneous environments

• Members of the population can freely interbreed

• Maintains genetic diversity

• Balanced polymorphism

  • Two or more alleles are kept in balance, and therefore are maintained in a population over the course of many generations

• Two Common Ways

  • For a single gene, heterozygote favoured

  • Negative frequency-dependent selection

    • Rare individuals have a higher fitness

Prevent formation of zygote

Block development of viable, fertile individuals

Geographic barriers prevent contact

Reproduce at different times of the day or year

Behaviours important to mate choice (ex: changes in song)

Size or incompatible genitalia prevent mating

• Gametes fail to unite successfully

• Important in species that release gametes into the water or air

Fertilized egg cannot progress past an early embryo

Interspieces hybrid viable but sterile (ex: mule)

Hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generations have genetic abnormalities

Causes cells to undergo apoptosis and die (Chicken)

Inhibits the function of BMP4 and allows cells to survive (Ducks)

• Relatively thick peptidoglycan layer

• Purple dye held in thick layer

• Cells are stained purple

• Vulnerable to penicillin that interferes in cell wall synthesis

• Less peptidoglycan and a thin outer envelope of lipopolysaccharides

• Lose purple stain but retain final pink stain

• Cells are stained pink

• Resists penicillin and requires other antibiotics

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The hydrostatic pressure required to stop the net flow of water across a plasma membrane due to osmosis