option c sehs (copy)

disease associated with physical inactivity

what we do everyday, moving to get through the day

intentional physical activity to improve physical fitness

Skilled base

Everyday life

HEALTH RELATED COMPONENTS:

-Cardiovascular fitness

-muscular strength

-muscular endurance

-flexibility

-body composition

SKILL-RELATED FITNESS COMPONENTS:

- Agility

- Balance

- Coordination

- Speed

-Power

-Reaction Time

A disease caused by physical inactivity

types of hypokinetic diseases:

-> Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

-> obesity

->Type 2 diabetes

->Osteoporosis

-> Mental ill-health

-> some types of cancer

when coronary arteries are clogged with plaque caused by Atherosclerosis

a blood clot in a vessel of the brain, blocks blood and O2 getting to areas of the brain, leading to tissue death

High blood pressure (140/90)

Excess of body fat

Body becomes resistant to insulin produced by the pancreas (best treatment is exercise)

Low bone density, its like having holes in the bone, it makes it easier to break (to make it stronger/more dense, we put force to the bone)

Various populations changed their lifestyles from one of high physical activity (traditional, agricultural-based living) to one of low physical activity ("westernized living")

CHD and stroke account for a large % of deaths in high income countries

In the past we had more movement but now we sit more

Examples of changes:

->Include the proliferation of the motor vehicle

-> Changes in employment and working patterns

->Changes in the diet such as the raise of fast food

term given to classify a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. (mainly consists of hypertension/high blood pressure, coronary heart disease and stroke)

ATHEROSCLEROSIS: hardening of the arteries due to the accumulation plaque (made up of cholesterol and other substances) in the walls of arteries.

->pieces of plague can break arteries

->If a block occurs in a coronary circulation (blood supply -> heart) this leads to heart attack!

->If the blockage occurs in a blood vessel in the brain -> Stroke!

coronary circulation: how blood transfers through heart & how blood supplies itself

->Left and right coronary arteries

->circumflex artery

->left anterior descending artery

(image shows it)

ATHEROSCLEROSIS: hardening of the arteries due to the accumulation of plaque (made up of cholesterol and other substances) in the walls of arteries = blood clot

-> MODIFIABLE (influenced by lifestyle; can change) - physical inactivity one of the major factors

-> cigarette smoking

-> hight blood pressure (hypertension)

-> High cholesterol and LDL-cholersterol

-> Low HDL cholesterol

-> Diabetes

-> Obesity

->Physical Inactivity

-> NON-MODIFIABLE (can't change)

->Age

-> Gender

-> Ethnicity

->Family History

plays an important role in removing excess cholesterol from the body in a process termed " reverse cholesterol transport"

->insoluble, carried with the bloodstream in lipoproteins

Different relationship with CVD

-> (LDL) low density lipoprotein (increases the risks of CVD)

-> (HDL) hight density lipoprotein (decreases the risks of CVD)

exercise raises HDL cholesterol concentrations

Factors can group together, forming what's termed metabolic syndrome when three or more factors cluster. Key components include high triglycerides (blood fat) and low levels of HDL-cholesterol, impaired glucose regulation or diabetes, especially abdominal obesity. This clustering heightens the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

-> may have direct effects on the heart;

increasing the size of the coronary arteries and making them less likely to get blocked

-> improves endothelial function which means that arteries are able to vasodilate (open up) on demand to increase blood supply, reduce the chances of ischemia

->helps to prevent obesity thus reducing the risk of blood clots forming

->major positive effect of exercise is helping to maintain high levels of protective high density cholesterol (HDL)

People who are physically inactive are more likely to have risk factors for CHD, high blood pressure, obesity, type 2 diabetes, low HDL Cholesterol --> increases risk of CHD

Obesity is by definition an excess of body fat, but in reality it is determined using indirect measurements of body, for example body fat index BMI and waist circumference

BMI a measurements of body fat, calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared - > indirect assessment of body fat percentage (inits kg/m^2)

A BMI less than 18.5= under

A BMI between 18.5 and 25= normal

A BMI between 25-30= overweight (Obese I)

A BMI 30-40 = obese (Obese II)

A BMI 40+ = morbid obese (Obese III)

Values can be often misleading - bodybuilders weightlifters, large muscles

Childhood obesity-> associated with social stigmatization and bullying (This raises an ethical issue around the routine)

-> sophisticated imaging techniques, including dual energy x-ray absrptionmetry (DXA), magnetic resonance techniques (MRI), and computed tomography (CT)

-> can be costly

->time consuming, DXA/CT low doses of radiation

->Cardiovascular disease and hypertension

->type 2 diabetes

->osteoarthritis

->respiratory problems

->some forms of cancer

Energy Balance is affected mainly by food intake, resting metabolic rate and physical activity.

(balance occurs when input = output)

It is determined by energy intake and energy

expenditure as follows:

-> Energy intake > energy expenditure = weight gain

-> Energy intake < energy expenditure = weight loss

-> Energy intake = energy expenditure = stable body weight

-> Hormones are produced by the stomach and small intestine after eating and by adipose tissue (leptin). These pass to an appetite control centre in the brain (hypothalamus) that regulates feelings of hunger and satiety.

->regulate appetite GHRELIN, LEPTIN (supresses appetite, obese ppl deficient in this = always hungry)

-> exercise helps to reduce both subcutaneous fat ( underneath the skin and the fat within the abdomen)

elevated glucose concentrations,hyperglycemia (may be elevated

(glucose stores energy)adipose tissue cells move glucose from blood to liver and muscle

both can cause death or hyperglycemia

TYPE 1: (do not produce insulin) is an autoimmune disorder resulting in the destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. It usually manifests in young people.

(can be treated with insulin)

is a disease of insulin resistance, particularly in skeletal muscle and is highly related to obesity and older age / family history

(can be treated with exercise and diet/oral medication/ insulin)

obesity, family history, diet, physical inactivity

-> blindness (retriopathy)

-> kidney disease

->nerve damage

-> cardiovascular disease (stroke)

emerged in children - environmental factors - poor diet , - low levels of physical activity

Bone mass density increases from birth through to around 35-45 years of age. Typically females achieve a lower-peak bone density than males. From this age onwards, bone mass density decreases (esp in women post menopause)

low bone mineral density can lead to osteoporosis which leaves a person more vulnerable to fracturing bones-> mostly females post menopause

->Their peak bone mass as a young adult

->The rate of bone loss with aging

exercise can affect both of these factors

-> independence

-> development of secondary complications as a result of long-term hospitalization and pneumonia

-> fragile bones

-> lack of dietary calcium

-> cigarette smoking

-> slim build ectomorphy

-> lack of estrogen associated with early menopause and female triad

-> physical inactivity

->excessive exercise in females who keep their body mass low

- Weight-bearing physical activity is crucial for bone health, but intense training in weight-conscious athletes can lead to low body weight and eating disorders, causing menstrual dysfunction and osteoporosis.

- Bone density changes vary by site, with resistance training having a greater impact than endurance training.

- Childhood is critical for optimizing bone health through weight-bearing exercise, as failure to do so increases the risk of osteoporosis later in life.

150 minutes a week of moderate intensity exercise

75 minutes of high intensity exercise

For people 18-64

Prevents osheimeres

->to make the most of limited functional capacities

-> to alleviate or provide relief from symptoms

-> to reduce the need for medication

-> to reduce the risk of disease recurrence

-> to help overcome social problems and psychological distress

-> Physical ( perceptions of being to old or too fat

-> Emotional ( shyness, embarrassment)

->Motivational (lack of energy for or enjoyment of exercise )

->Time ( lack of time due to work or family life)

->Availability (perceptions, lack of equipment, facilities and the feeling that there is no one to exercise with)

- uncontrolled disease state (unstable angina, poorly

-controlled diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension)

- hazards of exercise

-musco-skeletal injuries

-triggering of other health issues (heart attack, respiratory tract infections)

temporary emotional state

PSYCHOLOGICAL:

distraction from daily hassles and routine

enhanced feeling of control

feeling of competency

Positive mood, social interactions

Improved self-concept and self-esteem

->refers to a set of feelings experienced on a day-to-day basis.

->mood states can last for hours, days, weeks, or even months

->distinct from emotions - lasts longer, emotions are feelings generated in response to specific events, lasting for minutes, hours

->Can be positive (happiness, vigour) and negative (anger, anxiety, depression, fatigue)

Exercise helps improve mood reducing fatigue, anger, anxiety, and depression, while also boosting energy, clarity of thought, and sleep quality.

It enhances overall well-being, self-esteem, and can positively impact women's experiences during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause.

These benefits, attributed to increased levels of endorphins, norepinephrine (which improves circulation), and serotonin (leading to reduced depression and anxiety)

seen in both healthy individuals and those with diseases or disabilities.

exercise can be used as treatment

nature of the exercise programme (enjoyable, aerobic, rhythmic, absence of interpersonal competition, closed and predictable environment)

20-30 minutes, several times per week

stress relief

ENVIROMENTAL:

Social environment (feelings that there is no one to exercise with)

Physical environment (perceptions of being too old or too fat)

Characteristics of physical activity (lack of enjoyment of a particular exercise)

Social and cultural norms

sad mood, lack of interest, guilt, sleep/appetite changes, low energy, poor focus. It can harm daily life, lead to suicide

Environmental approaches - prompts, contracting, perceived choice

Reinforcement approaches - rewards for attendance and participation, external feedback, self-monitoring)

Goal Setting - associative vs. dissociative focus during exercise

Social support - role of others (spouse, family members, friends), including joining in, adjusting routines, transportation, providing equipment

negative addiction - life choices and relationship issues --> can cause death or cardio/resp. problems

increased tolerance to exercise, subjective awareness of compulsion to exercise

adverse mood states with withdrawal