History - Authoritarian States

Rural Poverty

• 85% rural, harvested by peasant class

• Individuals lacked ownership of farms

• 70% income went to land owners

• Intentional suppression of individuals

Urban Poverty

• UK, France + Germany bought land, built factories

• Equally abusive to workers

• Unsafe for working class

Social Divisions

• Rurals: landlords controlling peasants, dependancy for survival

• Urbans: rich created unsafe and economically abusive environment

• Warlords: rich from urban/rural, were government officials controlling regions

• Foreigners: westerners invested in China, payed warlords for cheaper labor

WWI 1900s

• China entered global stage, Qing dynasty

• Attacked German colonies

• At end, Qing dynasty collapsed (last dynasty)

Chinese Civil War 1920-34

• Warlords split China into areas

• Involved were the….

  • Nationalists (GMD Chang Kai Shek)

  • Communists (CCP Mao Zedong)

• First United Front: GMD and CCP joined to rid China of Warlords

• 1930 End of warlord period, unified China

• 1930-31 Extermination Campaigns: nationalists killing communists

• Paused to battle against intruding Japan

WWII 1939-45

• 1935 Japan invades China

  • Second United Front formed

  • Once ended, GMD fights CCP

  • US intervenes supporting GMD

• 1945 Japan surrenders

Second Civil War 1945-49

• GMD w/ US supports

• CCP gained support through Mao’s manipulation and actions

Political Fragmentation

• 1911-12 Qing dynasty was failing

• 1912-16, Warlords rose

• 1923-27 Warlords controlled nation, no unified government

  • Solved by First United Front

GMD in Government

• Harsh policies pushed public support to CCP

Role of Leaders

• 28 Bolsheviks

  • Chinese students, communists, studied in USSR bringing soviet communism to China

  • Mao didn’t agree, fought through indirect power struggles

• Mao Ze Dong

  • Experienced WWI and WWII, saw violence and believed it to be the only way of resolution

  • “All power grows from the barrel of a gun”

Propaganda

• 1934-35 Long March

  • GMD violence, had Nazi party as allies

  • Mao led march from S to N with his party to gain support

  • Where many were attacked, harassed and killed numerous along the way

  • When he reached the N at Saanxi & Yan’an, seen as national hero, recruited much wanted popularity

• Shaanxi & Yan’an

  • Mao aided people including peasants, gave women rights

Persuasion & Coercion

• Persuasion = act of convincing, positive actions to convince people

• Coercion = practice of persuading through threats and force

• Mao’s Peasant Policy (persuasion)

  • Established after Long March

  • Kill any landlords, continued developments

  • Kept soldiers in line, fulfilled peasant promises

• Ku Wongmei Diary (coercion)

  • Records of torture and abuse

  • Emotional, physical, psychological and social abuse

Use of Force

• 1930 Futian Incident (During 1st Civil War)

  • Mao suspected oppositions, ordered attacks on suspicious by his men

  • 3000 killed, his men were killing his own men

  • Demonstrated ‘carrot-stick’ method: will provide everything, take it or be beaten, was either trusted or feared

• 1942-44 Rectification of Conduct Campaigns

  • = fix your behaviour/mindset

  • Non-explicit violence, asked people to self criticise

Ideology

• Maoism

  • Blend of Marxism and Leninism, advancement requires industrialisation

  • Aimed to advance society, consistent growth → constant revolution

  • Reflected pro advanced Chinese nationalism

Structure of Government

• Theoretical:

• Actual:

1954 Constitution

• Marriage Law: women rights, raised age of consent, legalised divorce, fair laws for women

• Property Law: redistribution of land

• Nature of State: all power to Mao

1951-52 Anti-Landlord Campaign

• 1951 Attacks on corruption, waste and bureaucracy

  • Charged them w/ crimes, trials, executions

• 1952 Attacks on bribery, theft, tax evasion, cheating, stealing

1949-53 Land Reform Movement (part of anti-landlord campaigns)

• 200000 to 5 million killed, landlords all executed

Laogai

• = re-education camps, reform through labor

• Criminals, politicians and landlords sent here

• Harsh labor, violent force, worked until starved

1964 Little Red Book

• Condense Mao’s sayings, sold 750 million copies in 4 years

• Taught how to live in society, how you were expected to hold yourself

• Used like a bible, repeated by all, not easy to escape

Cult of Mao

• Was heroic during Wars (eg Long March)

• Bombardment of Propaganda: everything made him up to be a god

• Little Red Book: widespreads the cult, replaced bible in china

• 100 Flower Campaign: Mao asked for criticism, showed people he was willing to take criticism, people were happy

1966 Swimming of Yangtze

• 73 years old, feared people thought he wasn't as strong as he was

• Swam in Yangtze River, difficult river

• Publicity stunt that solidified ability to capture people’s hearts

• Turned into a holiday, had numerous propaganda derived from it

Prevented opposition with Laogai and Anti-Landlord Campaign

1957 100 Flower Campaign

• Mao asks for public criticism to improve government

• Much received, starts claiming those who criticized as anti-rightists, arrested and executed them

1958-62 Great Leap Forward

• Lead industrial revolution, encouraged people through propaganda

• Collectivisation: pushed people into growing areas, created centralised workforce

• Consequences: Great famine, 15-55 million death toll

1958-60 Four Pest Campaign

• Aimed at eliminating sparrows, rats, flies and mosquitoes

• Success, yet extermination of sparrows lead to increase in locusts consuming crops

• Caused mass starvation and destroyed ecosystem

CCRG

• Lin Biao and Jiang Qing (Mao’s wife)

Red Guard

• Violent, attacked anything

• Targeted saviours of Great Leap Forward, Xiaoping and Shaoqi

• Informed by CCRG

1966 Cultural Revolution

• Demanded purge of culture due to heavy resistance of communist ideas

• Attacked revisionism and anyone who critisized policies

• August Rally

  • 14-20 million people, aimed at eliminating 4 olds

    • 4 olds: thoughts, habits, culture and customs

  • Youth created Red Guard

• Red Guard

  • ‘It is right to rebel’, free reign

  • Attacked education, radios, homes, intellectuals

  • Destroyed any Chinese identity outside of communism

Impact of San Gan (Pre-Mao)

• Gave women specific place in society, less than anyone else

Mao’s Changes

• 1954 Constitution: Marriage Law was attempt at overthrowing San Gan

• 1958-62 Great Leap Forward: recruited women, improvement for rights

Traditional Prejudice Against Women

• 1949-76 government fought against traditionalists who argued against new rights

  • Attempts to break tradition hurt women, laws weren’t being enforced

Religion Under Mao

• Aimed to get rid of anything not communist centered

• Patriotic Churches

  • Mao couldn’t destroy other churches, created communist idealistic ones

  • Rejected by almost all faiths

• Islam

  • Connection to Hitler: Hitler attacked Jews like Mao attacked Islam

  • Sent majority to Laogai

Mao’s Issue

• No matter what he did, wrong or right, everything boosted his popularity

• Hard to analyse due to recent death and government censoring information spread, not much detail is known

Does failure = lack of control?

• 1958-63 Great Leap Forward: failed due to 4 Pest Campaigns

• Nuclear question: Mao was forced to develop, successfully did, does this dependance mean he doesn’t have control over his people?

• 100 Flower Campaign: has critics, killed them

• Cultural Revolution: government told police to give free reign to Red Guard, who had control?

• 1900s WWI

• 1911-12 Qing Dynasty failing

• 1912-16 Warlord Period

• 1920-34 Chinese Civil War

• 1923-27 Warlord controlled nation, no unified government

• 1930 Futian Incident

• 1934-35 Long March

• 1939-45 WWII

• 1942-44 Rectification of Conduct Campaigns

• 1945-49 Second Chinese Civil War

• 1951-52 Anti-Landlord Campaigns & Land Reform Movement

• 1954 Constitution

• 1957 100 Flower Campaign

• 1958-62 Great Leap Forward

• 1958-60 4 Pest Campaign

• 1964 Little Red Book

• 1966 Swim in Yangtze River

• 1966 Cultural Revolution

1919 Treaty of Versailles

• Loss of territories: inhibited income

• Loss of overseas colonies: loess power, less money, less trade

• Reparations: 132 billion gold marks

1923-25 Ruhr Crisis

• France + Belgium invade Ruhr valley (industrial land)

• Causing high inflation, destroyed german dollar ($1 = 4.21 trillion marks)

1929 Great Depression

• Starting to recover, lead to Nazi increase in votes

Post WWI…

KPD

• Communist party, wanted revolution, veterans became Freikorps

Freikorps

• Right wing politicians, stopped uprisings

White Emigres

• Anti communists, followed protocols of Elders of Zion

  • Protocols of Elders of Zion: believes that Jews were going to take over world, were communists

• Killed 75000, massive wave of antisemitism

1919 Spartacist Uprising

• Coup d’etat by KDP, attempt to throw out Weimar Republic

1914-18 WWI

• Fought against France, USSR etc in their territories

  • Reason for reparations, Germany was not as heavily impacted

1919 Treaty of Versailles

• Article 231

1918-1933 Weimar Republic

• New government fighting to exist post war, weak and dealt w/ numerous uprisings

1918-1933 Weimar Republic

• President is head of state, weakness: can be given power to rule by decree in national emergency (in crisis takes all control)

  • Potential dictatorial power

• Chancellor, equal power, but president has final say

• Reichstag, congress or senate, with seats 

  • Makes it really hard to reach conclusive votes

Period of Coalitions (aka Temporary Alliances)

• 1932 Franz Von Papen: asks Hitler to be chancellor, Hitler almost winning election scares him

• 1933 Kurt Von Schleicher: makes Hitler chancellor

  • Reichstag Fire: Hitler capitalizes on government weakness, national emergency declared by Hindenburg, Hitler given all power

Persuasion & Coercion

• Support for Hitler & Party (persuasion)

  • Wealthy businessmen, middle class, nationalists, rural areas

• Hitler’s targets (coercion)

  • Anyone who didn’t support Nazi party was beaten, killed

Role of Leaders

• Joseph Goebbels

  • Propaganda mastermind, pushed national socialism, works under Hitler in 1927

• Ernest Rohm

  • Mastermind of SA, ‘Brutally is respected, people need wholesome fear’, later becomes threat to Hitler

Ideology

• Hitler’s Political Ideology

  • People who must be rid of

    • 

• Nazism

  • Form of fascism incorporating antisemitism, anticommunism, racism etc

  • Ideals

    • 

Use of Force

• SA aka Brown Shirts

  • Specialized assault groups from WWI, joined Nazi Party in 1920

• 1923 Beer Hall Putsch aka Munich Putsch

  • Hitler decided to overthrow government, violent attakcs

  • Stopped by Freikorps and government, arrested Hitler and others

  • Made SA illegal, Nazi party illegal

Propaganda

• 1924-25 Mein Kampf

  • Book written while in prison, autobiography and manifesto

  • Stated…

    • Politics is a fight, I’m not in it for politics, in it to save Germany

    • Aryan nation, german blood, destroy jewry, destroy USSR

    • Hatred for communism

    • Political parties are unnecessary, should only be one party

      • Destruction of democracy

    • Stance on women: conservative rules

1933 Reichstag Fire

• Burning of capitol building

• Hitler blamed communists, make fire into national emergency to gain power

1933 Enabling Act

• Hitler’s legal way to destroy Weimar Republic

• Signed away democracy, gave all power to chancellor

Gleichschaltung

• Everything under control

• Members of parliament now belong to Nazis

• Not nazi party → illegal

• Every governmental belongs to Nazi party

• Began removing Jews → removing all minorities from parliament 

• All churches support Nazi regime

1934 Night of Long Knives

• Hitler suspicous of SA, kidnapped and executed all of them

1924 SS

• Maintained power for Nazi party

• In charge of Gestapo, civilian police and waffen-SS

  • Waffen-SS: in charge of holocaust

  • Gestapo: Hitler’s secret police

Perception of Hitler

• Wounded veteran willing to die for country

Hitler Myth

• Created narrative where german people saw him as future

• Challenged by constant bombardment

Films

• Ich Klage (you’re to blame)

  • Sick woman, no help from doctors, husband agrees to euthanize

  • Propaganda for euthanization policies

• Der Ewige Jude 

  • Not well received, seen as too aggressive towards jewish population

• Jud Suss (suspicious Jew)

  • Received well, pushes Kristallnacht

• Olympic documentary

  • Aryan blood superior to others

Press

• 1933 Reich Press Law

  • Anyone of Jewish minorities had to submit articles to Nazi Party

• Growth of control

  • 1933 → 3%, 1934 → 82%

• Der Sturmer: radical newspapers

  • Promoted death of minorities, extremist thought

• Völkischer Beobachter

  • Official Nazi Party newspaper

Schwartze Kappelle

• Members of military that didn’t like way that war was being fought, attacked minority groups

• Nature: Gestapo, Wehrmacht

• Extent: politically undermined Nazi party, sold military secrets, July Bomb Plot

  • July bomb plot: Claus invited to military meeting by Hitler, attempted assassination with bomb in briefcase, failed

• Treatment: executions

White Rose

• Nature: youth opposition, resisted War and way Nazi government hated minorities

• Extent: Made people aware of what government was doing by making pamphlets

  • Attacked Hitler Youth and Women’s Youth

• Treatment: execution

Edelweiss

• Nature: youth group, resisted Nazi party, non-conformist 

• Extent: infiltrated Hitler Youth, parts of society, beat them, persuade them not to join, do drugs as way of resistance

• Treatment: publicly hung in 1944

1919 Treaty of Versailles & Saarland

• 1933 Modified Versailles: willing Uk and Italy, not France

• 1935 Saarland: territory taken from Germany by France

  • UK and Italy make vote: Plebiscite, 90% goes to joining Germany

1936 Anti-Cominterm Pact

• Needed new alliances, reached to Japan to possibly fight USSR

• 1937 Italy joins, becomes Tripartite Pact

1939 Polish Crisis

• Newly formed country, Germany reaches out offering to protect them from USSR, rejected

• Hitler then invades starting WWII

1939 Nazi Soviet Pact of Non-Aggression

• Not attack, will not go to war w/ eachother for 10 years, will split Poland, Germany gets Western Europe, USSR gets Eastern

1934-37 Hjalmar Schacht

• Aimed at New Plan: new jobs, men required to join National Labor Service, learn basin skills

• Included rearmament, violating Treaty of Versailles

• Results: success, employment rates +, economy bounced back

1936-39 Hermann Goering

• Aimed of 4 Year Plan: bring labor force towards arm productions, focus everything on war preparations

• Results: effective, Germany would have been ready to win if Hitler waited

  • Hitler anticipated, army was large and strong to fight war but not to win

Education: NAPOLAS restructure, focused on Nazi teachings, anti intellectual

Arts: “Degenerate Art”, art diversity was excluded

1935 Hitler Youth Program

• Males taught military skills creating mobile propaganda machines, built soldiers

• Results: not popular due to fear, were called into military at end of WWII

1935 Nuremberg Race Laws

• Reich Citizenship Law: german blood gives citizenship

• Law for Protection of German Blood and Honor: no mixed race marriages, sterilized those who were not pure german

NSF: nationalist socialist womanhood

• Attached to Nazi party

• Talked women out of university positions, fewer positions offered as proffesors

• Wanted women staying home and producing children

BDM: League of German Maidens

• Women’s version of Hitler Youth

• Women taught domestic rolls, encouraged to be propagandas, exercised to produce healthy babies

Impact of War

• 1939-42, army slowed, supply issues, women policies became unsustainable and were required to work on fields and factories

• 1944 Sublime Task: government asked women to have sex outside marriage to provide future of Germany

1939 T4 Program

• Germany just invaded Poland

• Attacks on medically defective, due to them being not effective individuals

• Euthanized deaf, blind, epileptic and disabled in gas chambers

• Test for the Holocaust

1933-45 Holocaust

• Jewish minorities and others persecuted, murdered

• Killed…

  • Black germans (30,000 killed or sterilized)

  • Freemasons

  • Homosexuals (10-15,000 killed)

  • Jehovah’s witnesses (2,000 killed)

  • Mentally disabled (360,000 sterilized, of those 250,000 killed)

  • Roma (200,000-500,000 killed)

• Buildup to…

  • 1933, government outlawed Jewish individuals participating in government 

  • 1935 Nuremberg Race Law, illegal for jewish to have citizenships, start labeling with stars

    • Start relocating Jewish communities into ghettos

  • 1938 Kristallnacht, major relocation into concentration camps

    • Riot against Jewish communities, some SS and SA burned down Jewish buildings and homes

  • 1939 start of T4, fully relocated into concentration camps

    • Less and less members of Jewish community

  • 1939-42, silent country due to focus on war

    • T4 ends, government realizes how far they can push these executions

    • Army starts suffering, stop spending resources on hated communities

  • 1942-45, concentration camps are constructed, all minorities affected

    • 1945, min of 6 million jewish killed

    • External armies start learning about concentration camps

      • Knew they were violating but didn’t know full extent

Argument that Hitler had complete control…

• Enabling act: complete power of government → passed Gleichschaltung and Press Law

  • Allowed to target minority groups, take full control of propaganda, to pass Nuremberg Race Laws, to kill off own people with Night of Long Knives, create major organizations to educate youth

• Charismatic leadership → publicly hang people, celebration rather than horrific act

• Had ability to control government, ability of kill people, control people and so much charisma that he had support

• Examples: 

  • Politics: enabling act, Gleichschaltung and Press Law, propaganda, Nuremberg Race Law and Holocaust

Argument that Hitler did NOT have complete control…

• Gestapo: tried to control public, not big enough not strong enough

• Press: some still had their own propaganda

• Opposition: many still opposing

  • Degenerate art

• Schwarze Kappelle: own people attacking

  • July Bomb Plot: almost died

• Impact of war, unsustainable, impact on women

• T4 program: had to stop because too much uproar

• Complete control means no one stands against

• 1914-18 WWI

• 1918-33 Weimar Republic

• 1919 Treaty of Versailles

• 1919 Spartacist Uprising

• 1923-25 Ruhr Crisis

• 1923 Beer Hall Putsch

• 1924 SS established

• 1924-25 Mein Kampf written

• 1929 Great Depression

• 1933 Reichstag Fire

• 1933 Enabling Act

• 1933 Reich Press Law

• 1933-45 Holocaust

• 1934 Night of Long Knives

• 1934-37 Hjalmar Schacht in charge

• 1935 Hitler Youth Program established

• 1935 Nuremberg Race Laws

• 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact

• 1936-39 Hermann Goering in charge

• 1938 Kristallnacht

• 1939 Polish Crisis

• 1939 Nazi Soviet Pact of Non-Aggression

• 1939 T4 Program

• 1942-45 Construction and Utilisation of concentration camps

• 1944 July Bomb Plot

• 1944 Sublime Task