DNA Processes

principle enzyme involved in DNA replication; fixes DNA errors

DNA polymerase

determined that traits/genes were passed from generation to generation

Gregor Mendel

discovered transformation in bacteria when heat killed S bacteria (Toxic) was combined with live R bacteria (Harmless)

Fredrick Griffith

determined that genes are composed of DNA and not proteins; also found out that DNA strands are wrapped around proteins

Oswald Avery

discovered that A=T and G=C (DNA only); discovered that DNA has the same amount of Thymine and Adenine, and Guanine and Cytosine are equal

Erwin Chargaff

originally discovered the double helix in DNA by X-ray experiments

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

Developed the physical double helix model of DNA.

Watson and Crick

phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogen containing base

What is the structure of nucleotides?

DNA is a nucleic acid

What kind of organic compound is DNA?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

What are the 4 nitrogen bases found in DNA?

Adenine and Guanine

What 2 nitrogen bases are purines?

Cytosine and Thymine

What 2 nitrogen bases are pyrimidines?

store and transmit hereditary information

What is the function of DNA?

the nitrogen base

Where do the nucleotides connect to each other?

DNA

what controls physical appearance?

single-stranded nucleic acid that is made up of monomers and assists DNA in storing and transmitting hereditary information

What is RNA?

Nucleotides - phosphate, ribose/sugar, and nitrogen base

what are the monomers of RNA?

Adenine+Uracil, Cytosine+Guanine

What are the base pairing rules for RNA?

DNA is Double stranded, and has T instead of U

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

U(uracil)

what is T replaced with in RNA?

protein synthesis and carries DNA message code

what is the function of RNA?

deoxyribose

What is the sugar in DNA called?

ribose

What is sugar in RNA called?

in the cytoplasm

Where in RNA located?

RNA

What transcribes the template for the synthesis of proteins?

DNA

What is the template for the synthesis of proteins?

It replicates itself

What does the DNA do before the cell divides?

asexual

Is cell reproduction sexual or aesexual?

it corrects base pair errors and binds nucelotides

What does DNA polymerase do?

undifferentiated cells without a specific function

Stem cells

binary fission, regeneration, vegetative propogation, and budding

What are the types of asexual reproduction?

Interphase

What stage is most of a cells life spent in?

mitosis

What stage is when cells are reproduced?

The cell grows, copies its DNA, and prepares for cell division.

What happens during interphase?

They stay constant

What happens to the amount of chromosomes before and after cell division?

the process of making a copy of DNA before mitosis

DNA Replication

1.) Helicase Unzips DNA 2.) Both Sides of the DNA molecule are copied 3.) Ligase zips it back up

What are the steps of DNA replication?

During the S phase of interphase

when does DNA replication occur?

hydrogen bonds

What holds nitrogen base pairs together?

What are histones?

A type of protein found in chromosomes. They bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, help control the activity of genes, and condenses DNA strands into tight coils

Human body cells have 46 (2n or diploid) chromosomes

How many chromosomes do human body cells have?

They are genetically identical.

How are daughter and parent cells related?

surface area to volume ratio is off causing inefficient osmosis and diffusion. to replace dead or damaged cells. for growth and development in an embryo.

Why do cells divide?

prokaryotes and bacteria

What uses binary fission?

yeast

What uses budding to reproduce?

plants

What uses Vegetative Propagation?

starfish

What is an example of something that uses regeneration to reproduce?

they are all types of asexual reproduction

What does binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation, and regeneration have in common?

speed, replacement, desirable characteristics are kept

What are some advantages to mitosis (eukaryotes only)?

final stage of cell cycle; cytoplasm divides.

What is cytokinesis?

cleavage furrow pinches off separated nuclei

What happens to animal cells in cytokinesis?

a cell plate is formed

What happens to plant cells in cytokinesis?

Cancer.

What happens is something goes wrong in the cell cycle?

helicase

What unzips DNA?

DNA polymerase

What joins up new nucleotides to old nucleotides?

ligase

What zips the DNA back up?

Purine

what does primidine bind to?

G1, Synthesis (S) G2, and Mitosis

what are the 4 general phases of the cell cycle

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)

What are the 4 phases of mitosis?

first stage of mitosis; chromatids condense into chromosomes, nuclear envelope disappears

What is prophase?

second phase of mitosis; chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

What is metaphase?

sister chromatids separate because the spindle fibers shroten

what is anaphase?

Nuclear membranes form, chromosomes uncoil, and the spindle fibers fall apart

What is telophase?

G1, Synthesis (S), G2

what are the three phases of interphase?

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

What are chromatids?

hydrogen bonds

What holds the nitrogen bases together?

in the nucleus

where are proteins transcribed by RNA?

resting phase

What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.

What is a somatic cell?

cytosine, thymine, uracil (uracil only for RNA)

what are examples of pyrimidines?

Adenine and Guanine

what are examples of purines?

The process by which a stem cell changes to become specialised for its job

What is differentiation?