EXAM 5

Last ditch effort to stop the Civil War

On the morning of April 11th/12th, 1861

Fort Sumter, South Carolina

South Carolina is the first state to leave the union of slavery through the Declaration of Clauses on December 24, 1890

• South Carolina

• Mississippi

• Florida

• Alabama

• Georgia

• Louisiana

• Texas

• Virginia (Reason: Geography; The oldest state in the country is leaving)

• Arkansas

• North Carolina

• Tennessee

Border states are slave states that border free states.

Examples:

• Kentucky (Has southern sympathies but fights with the North)

• Delaware

• Maryland

• Missouri

• West Virginia

The South attacked federal forts to stop supplies from reaching Ft. Sumter in Charleston

• The South attacks federal forts. They begin to stop supplies from reaching Ft. Sumter in Charleston

• Buchanan does nothing about this

  → This makes the country seem weak

• In March- Lincoln is sworn in

  → He sends the ships back to SC

• April 10, 1861- Brig. Gen. Beauregard in command of the Confederate forces at Charleston, SC demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter in Charleston

• The firing of Fort Sumter in S.C started the Civil War

The First Battle of Manassas/Bull Run

• The South is going to obliterate the North

• The South & North underestimate each other

• Irvin McDowell is replaced by General George McClellan

• The North becomes an industrialized economy

  → The North creates the cotton gin

The South had a powerful army with more soldiers compared to the North

The North was more industrialized than the South was

Yes, the North was aggressively fighting against the South.

• Lincoln gives the order to launch a unified aggressive action against the Confederacy

• Submarine Warfare: The Monitor vs. The Merrimack

• One of the few battles where the Confederates would outnumber the Union soldiers

• Happens in the Northwest corner of Arkansas, near Bentonville

• The Union will win and cement control of Missouri

The Southern army initially had more men when approaching battle

General Ulysses S. Grant

• April 6th- Confederate (Johnson and Beauregard) forces attacked Union forces under General Ulysses S Grant at Shiloh, Tennessee

• There will be more casualties in this battle than any other combined

• Many people lost at Shiloh → enacted draft

General Stonewall Jackson. He was literally a “Stonewall”

Jeff Davis

• The union army is driven from Richmond and is on the run

• Lee chases them all the way back to the peninsula and keeps the Confederate Army and Capital (Now in Richmond, Virginia) intact

• This shows how powerful the confederate army initially was

Richmond, Virginia → Montgomery, Alabama

• Union army outnumbers the Confederate Army

• Confederate Victory

• Happens in Maryland

  → First battle on Union soil

• The bloodiest battle on American soil

• The Confederates were outnumbered

• Union will finally win

• For the next 3-5 years, they will not be able to conquer 109 miles from Richmond to D.C

• In the eyes of the federal government, slaves are considered free on January 1st, 1863

• Blacks are seen as citizens of the United States

• Any slaves on North plantation soil are considered free

• Lee will gamble. Outnumbered 2:1- he will split his army

• Stonewall Jackson also splits his army

• Hooker has a party the night before the battle

  → The union party is asleep

• Confederate makes a big mistake at this battle: WAITING

• Confederate soldier shot Stonewall Jackson, one of his own men

• The South is left with Lee

Turning points of the Civil War

• Grant is the Union general

• Divide and conquer is the strategy used through a siege

  → Union shuts down the Mississippi River and 1/3 of the South by cutting off supplies

• Union wins

• Why Gettysburg? A railroad from Philadelphia to Chicago

• Lee’s plan is simple: Get to Harrisburg, Pa., kill the railroad there, turn attention to Philadelphia, Baltimore, then to D.C

• He got very close to Harrisburg, except, on a training exercise, a Lieutenant spots Lee

Lee took 14,000 men to charge to Gettysburg; only 1 survived (Pickett)

Army formation “J”

• Lee made a critical mistake with his army and underestimated the Union army

• The Union Army has more guns and men and repulse the Confederate army back to the South

• This allows for Tennessee (center of the south) to be wide open, and an invasion of the deep south can occur without problems

• Union pushes to Atlanta and crushes it (Center of industrialization for the South)

• In the Wilderness Campaign, there are a number of battles

  → One is called Spotsylvania

  → This is where some of the fiercest and most savage fighting of the Civil War breaks out. Causalities are almost even

• Wilderness campaign is absolute bloodshed for both sides

• Grant will launch a counterattack against Lee

• Grant’s losses are replaceable, Lee’s are not

• North uses advantages in industrialization and population to help win the Civil War

• In 1864, Sherman is going to swing out of Chattanooga to get to Atlanta on Dec. 24th

→ Burns down almost every building possible

→ He goes to South Atlanta where a large population of slaves are located and gets them to side with the Union

→ Destroys railroads: Sherman’s Neckties (wants to destroy every possible way that the South can industrialize)

Sherman marched from Atlanta to Savannah, absolutely annihilating everything. He ends the March to the Sea by capturing the Savannah port.

• The only Southern state left is North Carolina

• Transportation problems and successful blockades caused several shortages of food and supplies in the South

  → Starving soldiers began to desert Lee’s forces

Jeff Davis will sign an executive order that slaves may fight with the Confederates in return for “freedom”

• Sherman and Grant meet in Virginia

  → Grant asks Lee to surrender due to the state of his army

• The Confederacy tries to send a peace offering to Lincoln

  → Peace offering is rejected; war is still going on about slavery

• Lee says for Grant to meet at the Appomattox Courthouse

  → Grant wins and starts weeping; Lee signs surrender

• Grant allows Lee to keep armory and weaponry

  → Taking away armory and weaponry means they are subjected to the government and the whims; taken over

The last port City is officially taken - Mobile

• Grant started crying and his union soldiers started clapping; he said for them to stop because it was disrespectful

• Sherman left riding his horse backward as a sign of respect

• Both sides were respectful

Battle killed more soldiers than disease did. The battle of Shiloh had the most causalities.

13th Amendment

Reconstruction refers to the time after the Civil war between 1864-1877 when the United States is focused on abolishing slavery, destroying all traces of the Confederacy, and “reconstructing” both the South and the Constitution

Abraham Lincoln

1864

1. Presidential

2. Congressional

3. Radical

• Yes, due to Due Process Clause and Equal Protection Clause

• No, due to Johnson’s failure and the shift in power after the Radical Republicans took over to help Rutherford win

• In many ways, his plan was like Lincoln’s, despite Johnson being a Southern former slave holder

• Stressed reconciliation, rapid restoration of civil gov’t, pardoning most of the rebels

• Pardon goes against what Northern Republicans want, but goes with the Southern Democrats

• Differed in response to restoring the government’s of the rebel states; he only required the state’s citizens to renounce the right of succession (not state legislatures or governors themselves), own up to their Confederate war debts (which makes republicans happy), and ratify the 13th amendment

• He will instruct military governments to return all confiscated land, even if it was in the hands of freedmen

A series of laws/amendments to their constitutions, which seeks to keep blacks subordinate, and attempted to limit them to farm work or domestic service

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction, the equal protection of laws

• The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

But…

• Rather than absolutely guaranteeing the right to vote, the amendment merely prohibited exclusion on grounds of race, leaving disenfranchisement (the ability to take the right away to vote) open by other means

The Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan sought to burn down/attack educational, civil rights, and economic institutions. These included:

• Churches

• Families

• Schools

Freedmen’s Bureau

• Freedmen were blacks (former slaves) who got forty acres and a mule to farm their own land, go to school, etc

The election of 1876 ended Reconstruction after the Southern states made a deal with Rutherford to help him win over the White House