Homeostasis and Response

The regulation of internal conditions to maintain optimal conditions for enzyme action and cell function, involving control of blood glucose concentration, body temperature, and water levels through automatic control systems.

Enables reactions to surroundings and coordination of behavior, consisting of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system, with reflex arcs for immediate responses to stimuli.

The brain and spinal cord

the nerve cells that carry information to or from the CNS

A cluster of nerve cells found in the peripheral nervous system

A neurological and sensory mechanism that controls a reflex, an immediate response to a particular stimulus

Actions that are are automatic and rapid; they do not involve the conscious part of the brain.

The nerve cells activated by sensory input from the environment

Connect neurons and help transmit information from one neuron to the next

(found in the brain and spinal cord) allows sensory and motor neurons to communicate

(found in the CNS) controls muscle movements

A complex organ controlling various functions like thought, memory, emotion, and motor skills, with structures including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland.

Outer layer of the brain’s surface that carries out essential functions such as memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, emotions, consciousness, and sensory functions

Responsible for coordinating movement and balance

Manages heart, circulation and breathin

Helps manage your body temperature, hunger and thirst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure and sleep

Monitors and regulates many bodily functions through the hormones that it produces

A sense organ containing receptors sensitive to light intensity and colour

A series of fibres that connect the ciliary body of the eye with the lens, holding it in place

Acts as the outermost lens and functions like a window that controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye

The coloured tissue of the eye that controls the size of the pupil to let more or less light into the eye

The opening in the centre of the iris that allows light to enter the eye so it can be focused on the retina to begin the process of sight

The ciliary body produces aqueous humour. It also contains the ciliary muscle, which changes the shape of the lens when your eyes focus on a near object

Its function is to transmit and focus light onto the retina

The white outer coating of the eye that maintains your eye's shape and protects it from injuries

It converts light that enters your eye into electrical signals your optic nerve sends to your brain which creates the images you see

A small depression within the neurosensory retina where visual acuity is the highest

It transmits electrical impulses from your eyes to your brain

The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

Myopia and Hyperopia

short-sightedness

long-sightedness

A measure of how well your body can make and get rid of heat

Contains receptors sensitive to the temperature of the blood

Are chemical messengers that enter the blood directly upon their secretion from endocrine glands

Involves the interaction between hormones and target cells or tissues, which regulate functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress response

Composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

Monitored and controlled by the pancreas which is measured from capillary blood obtained from a finger prick

A hormone that tells cells throughout your body to take in glucose from your bloodstream

A chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces

A disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin

A disorder where the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas

(shock or stress) is a physiologic dysfunction caused by a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, which causes a rapid change in water movement across its cell membrane

One of a pair of organs in the abdomen that removes waste and extra water from the blood (as urine) and helps keep chemicals (such as sodium, potassium, and calcium) balanced in the body

One or both of your kidneys no longer function well on their own

Treatment for kidney failure involving the removal of waste products from the blood, with advantages like normal life and disadvantages like lifestyle impacts.

A hormone involved in puberty, fertility, and sexuality, with hormones like oestrogen and testosterone regulating secondary sex characteristics and the menstrual cycle

The process of physical maturation where an adolescent reaches sexual maturity and becomes capable of reproduction

The main female reproductive hormone produced in the ovary. At puberty, eggs begin to mature and one is released approximately every 28 days (ovulation)

The main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes and it stimulates sperm production

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), and Ostrogen and Progesterone.

Causes maturation of an egg in the ovary

Stimulates the release of the egg

Involved in maintaining the uterus lining

Methods to control fertility, including hormonal methods like injections and oral contraceptives, and non-hormonal methods like barriers and surgical sterilization

• Injection, Implant, and Skin Patches

• Intrauterine Device (IUD)

• Oral Contraceptives (Pills)

• Permanent Sterilisation (surgical method)

• Chemical/Physical Barriers (spermicides and condoms) 

• Withdrawal and Rhythm Method

Regulate growth and responses to light and gravity in plants, with auxin stimulating cell elongation and being used for various purposes like weed killers and growth promotion.

Any of a group of plant hormones that regulate growth, particularly by stimulating cell elongation in stems