Evolution Exam 1

Major advances in science are rare but scientific revolutions result in _____.

Theorized that ...

1. Major advances in science are rare.

2. Scientific revolutions result in paradigm shifts.

the central unifying theory of the biological sciences

Evolutionarily meaningful, genetic change affects future generations via ____

-Functional approach to medicine -Considers functions of symptoms rather than covering them all w/ medicine

-Died after receiving baboon heart transplant -Surgeon said that he didn't use chimpanzee heart instead bc he didnt subscribe to evolutionary bio

-Body parts arise independently from the ground -Spontaneous generation

-Among the first to develop a philosophy of a natural world governed by natural laws -Methodological naturalism -Imagined earth as flat covered disk w/ moon and sun revolving around it

-Hypothesis must be tested -Organisms are unchanging w/ fixed properties

Aristotles system for classifying organisms

founder of taxonomy

Linnaeus created a nested classification system where _____ separated groups of organisms.

Famous book by Linneaus

Linneaus catalogues species as _____ but hybrids casted doubt. He changed his position later in life but was not able to account for changes.

-Universal gravitation -Three laws of motion

Jame's Hutton's major theory

Gradualism: ___, _____ processes result in profound geological effects

Charles Lyell added to gradualism with his theory of...

First major paleontologist

the deeper the strata, more _____ life

Cuvier used palentology to discover _____

what evolutionary theory did Cuvier support due to his findings in the fossil record?

-Evolutionary change from a “single living filament”. -Struggle for existence

1. Species have changed over time.

2. Change is slow, gradual and unlinked to catastrophes. (person)

Proposed 1st model of evolution

Lamark's proposed mechanism of evolution

-Proposed his own theory of evolution by natural selection. -On Naval Timber and Arboriculture (1831)

According to Matthew, what individuals will be selected over others.

Patrick Matthew's Theory...

1. Resources are _______.

2. Individuals differ in _______ that allow them to garner resources.

3. Difference leads to organisms that are _______ to their environments.

Charles Darwin was a naturalist on what ship?

-Populations can grow exponentially over short period -Over long period, disease, limited resources wars, etc. curb population growth

Darwin observed ____ selection as well as natural selection.

Darwin's Observations... Variation in morphology and behavior is _____. Variation leads to _______ survival. Some variants _________ than others.

Scientist with similar observations of natural selection to Darwin's

Darwin's published book about Natural Selection

Darwin's main contribution to evolutionary theory (I'm not talking about Natural Selection)

Darwins branching tree of life introduced the concept of...

Five main parts to evolution:

1. Organisms have _____ over time.

2. All organisms are derived from ________ by a process of ______.

3. Change is _______ (rates can be variable).

4. Evolution occurs by changes in ________.

5. The mechanism for the evolution of adaptations is _________.

Five main parts to natural selection:

1. Members of a population vary in ______.

2. Traits are inherited from _______.

3. Reproductive potential and trait variation leads to differential ______ and ________.

4. Differential survival and reproduction leads to a shift in the ________ of traits.

5. With time, parent and daughter species can no longer ________.

changes in gene (allele) frequencies in a population over time

differential (non-random) survival of genes

inherited traits that enhance survival and reproduction in a given environment, compared to other traits

Natural selection among ______ _______only

Variants ____ arise because they are needed

To Avoid Misconceptions...

1. Natural selection does NOT occur in order to ______ a population or species.

2. Evolution has ___ goal.

3. NO ______ species can be considered to be more evolutionarily advanced or higher than others.

4. Natural selection does NOT necessarily make organisms _______.

5. Natural selection does NOT result in ______ adapted species. 6.________ do NOT adapt

____ and ______ result in adaptive evolution.

The _________ provides the foundation for modern evolutionary biology. Contributions by geneticists, systematists, and paleontologists reconciled natural selection with genetics.

During the _______ most scientists accepted the reality of evolution by descent from common ancestors. Natural selection was generally rejected.

Alternative, non-Darwinian hypotheses were rejected by the mid-______.

________ have developed methods to reconstruct the tree of life.

Reconstruction allows for estimating __________ among organisms.

Reconstruction relies upon deductive logic and ________ testing.

Phylogenetic analysis has historically been closely associated with the _______ and _______ of organisms

-Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge

1. Those that belong to the emperor

2. Embalmed ones

3. Those that are trained

4. Suckling pigs

5. Mermaids

6. Fabulous ones

What are the components to a scientific name

Classification is a This is a hierarchical system because species are placed in an ascending series of groups of ________ _______.

Closely-related species are descended from a relatively _____ common ancestor.

Under Darwing branching "tree of life" classification can portray the history of _______

-branching points on a phylogenetic tree -Represents hypothetical species or population

represents common ancestor to all member of the tree

named group of organisms

-used to infer patterns of ancestry and descent among populations -alternate forms of a particular character -ex: long vs short necks

-Provides root to tree -Group that split off earlier in evolutionary history and does not share all characters of ingroup

-Closest relatives -Descended from immediate common ancestor on phylogenetic tree

-Portion of a tree that has 3 or more branches from one node -Shows that there isn’t enough evidence to determine sister taxa yet

Comprised of a common ancestor species and all descendants

Consists of some but not all of the descendants of single ancestor

Consists of some but not all of the descendants of 2 or more species

classification based on historical sequences organisms have diverged from common ancestors

trait found in 2 or more species due to common ancestry

trait shared by 2 or more species without common descent from independent evolution

-when species that are only distantly related independently evolve similar characteristics over time due to elements in their environments -Does not make them more closely related -Provides misleading info about phylogeny

evolves in a population at a point in time

The trait originally present in the ancestor of a given group; may be retained or changed in the descendants of that ancestor.

-a shared derived trait -Provides accurate info about ancestry

-shared ancestral character states -Can sometimes provide misleading info about phylogeny

-The simplest explanation, requiring the fewest undocumented assumptions, should be preferred over more complicated hypotheses that require more assumptions (for which evidence is lacking)

the principle of parcimony states that the best estimate of the true phylogeny is the one that requires us to postulate the ______ evolutionary changes.

Species with less genetic differences are predicted to be more closely related

The distance method poses challenges because it assumes _____ and ______

Phylogenetic trees based on data sets are ________

-Independent data must be collected to reject or fail to reject these hypotheses -Phylogenetic-estimating methods can be tested using __________ or _____________

Difficulties in phylogenetic Analysis -Scoring _______ can be difficult -_________ is very common -Evolution can erase traces of _________ -Rapid evolution provides few opportunities for the evolution of distinctive ____________

Return to ideas of acquired characteristics being passed on with elements of natural selection added

theory that there are fixed goals for evolution

Change in populations occurs in big leaps