Outcome 1 - Cells in Multicellular Organisms

• Every single living organism is made of cells

• Some organisms, such as humans, are multicellular and require many cells such as red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, and platelets. These all work together to help the human body function

• Different cells make up different things in the body. Tissues group together to form organs, which group together to form organ systems

Outcome 2 - Movement of Materials

• Oxygen, carbon, energy, water, and glucose move in and out of cells during the process of cellular respiration

Outcome 3 - Specialised Systems in Multicellular
Organisms

• Coordination in your cells allows different organ systems to work together to keep you alive

• Multicellular organisms require different organ systems because they are complex and require the coordination of organs to get your body the necessary materials to survive

Outcome 4 - Responding to External Change

• Your body is very sensitive and must maintain an internal temperature to ensure that your organs do not stop working. Because of this, systems are put into place to deal with external change. Your muscles contract and relax to create the motion of shivering to generate warmth by causing the cells inside to vibrate and cause warmth. When you are hot, sweat is excreted and dries to keep your body cool. If your body suddenly doesn’t receive enough nutrients to survive, it will work to use fat inside the body to run, and then earn back that fat as quickly as possible to keep you safe

Outcome 5 - Coordination Systems in Humans

• kinda the same as outcome 3 unless i’m wrong and stupid ig wish me luck st brigid

Outcome 6 - Human Nervous System

• The nervous system detects any change in the external environment and sends off quick, short-term responses to change - such as when you shiver, sweat, flinch, narrow or dilate your eyes, kick your leg when something hits a nerve, or move away from a dangerous situation

Outcome 7 - Human Endocrine System

• The endocrine system is a messenger system made of hormonal glands such as the Placenta, the ovary (in females), the testicles (in males), and the pancreas. These are only a few of the organs that are a part of this system, but I can’t be bothered to remember more and you probably hopefully won’t need to know them all for the test so just pray to St. Brigid.

• The endocrine system creates vital hormones that can control your mood, development, and growth. They also regulate how much of each hormone is entering your bloodstream, as too much or too little can be detrimental to your health.

Outcome 8 - Human Reproductive System (so fun!)

• The fallopian tube carries eggs from the ovaries to the uterus, and the cervix regulates what goes in and out of your vagina. I’m praying we don’t get tested on this because my own immaturity means that I feel uncomfortable researching this.

Outcome 9 - Reproductive Technologies

• By inventing new technology like the X-Ray, we are able to learn so much more about our bodies, and the processes that happen inside them all the time. They can help us understand infertility at a genetic level, and track genetic illnesses that can be life-threatening. It helps with immunisations and has improved our life expectancy. However, with how quickly these developments are made, we run the risk of exposing dangerous microbes to scientists and these inventions can even be turned into bioweaponry. Additionally, social and ethical issues are raised in that we can move too quickly without taking into consideration possible side effects, such as maybe wiping out an entire species of ‘dangerous’ insect. Some also bring up concerns that by using biotechnology, humanity is ‘playing God’.

Outcome 10 - Infectious Disease

• A pathogen is an organism that causes disease (i feel like this will be important on the test so probably make sure you know it!)

• Protozoans are single-celled organisms whose DNA is inside a membrane-bound nucleus.

• Macroparasites can be seen without a microscope.

• Prions are thought to be incorrectly folded proteins.

• A virus consists of a piece of DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein coat. Viruses cannot reproduce unless inside a host cell.

• Fungi are made up of one or more cells that have a cell wall, true nucleus and no chloroplasts. Athlete’s foot is caused by a fungus. (i had to see terrible pictures when i looked this one up, save yourself the trouble)

• Bacteria are single-celled organisms whose DNA is not contained inside a membrane-bound nucleus.

Outcome 11 - Infectious and Non-Infectious Disease

• Infectious disease is spread through contact and being exposed to the disease, whereas non-infectious disease cannot be spread and is usually seen in genetic diseases and cancers.

Outcome 12 - Responding to Infectious Disease

• The primary defence against infectious disease is the surface barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body. These surface barriers include skin and mucus membranes. Both the skin and mucous membranes release chemical secretions which restrict the growth of microbes on their surfaces. If pathogens cannot enter the host body, they cannot disrupt normal physiological functions and cause disease.

• The second line of defence against infection is the non-specific cellular and molecular responses of the innate immune system. These defences do not differentiate between different types of pathogens and respond the same way upon every infection. (An example would be a fever)

• The third line of defence consists of antibodies which are generated after you’ve been sick before, this creates immunity and is how vaccines can be made.

Outcome 13 - Responding to Non-Infectious Disease

• can’t find anything, godspeed soldiers

Outcome 14 - Technologies & Disease Control

• Vaccines and antibiotics have contributed greatly to our understanding of the human body. Vaccines expose your body to certain pathogens which can create antibodies to fight that infection should you catch it, which makes it much less serious and even stops you from contracting the disease in some cases.

• However, while antibiotics are great, the more we use them the more we run the risk of losing their effectiveness as most pathogens that we use antibiotics on become more resistant to those antibiotics. Because of this, you should only use antibiotics when your doctor tells you to and use them for the full term you’ve been told to, no more and no less.

Outcome 15 - Values/needs of Society Influence Scientific
Research

• As we research more about the human body and learn how to progress to a stage where our life expectancy is very long and we can live without fear of certain diseases, we run the risk of growing too focused on ourselves. Many ethical concerns have recently been raised regarding the testing process for some of these antibiotics and vaccines, which puts into perspective the question of how much will we sacrifice to make our own lives better. At what point do we cross the line on what ‘losing your humanity’ means, and how much are we willing to give up in the name of science?