All terms for Macroeconomics

the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced in an economy within a given period of time

the total income of nation’s people and businesses; GDP - net income from abroad

GDP divided by the population number; gives the average income per citizen

a model that illustrates the interaction between the economic agents in an economy

consists of counting the total output of firms in a certain period of time

consists of adding up the incomes of all workers in a country

consists of adding up the total sales of goods and services in an economy: consumption expenditure + investment spending + government expenditure + net exports

the boom-bust cyclical nature of the economy

an annual survey of the state of global happiness that ranks 156 countries based on where citizens place themselves on the Cantril ladder

a measure of 11 indicators (housing, income, jobs…) of 35 countries

a measure of progress in a country considering ecological diversity, health, education, etc.

a composite indicator that shows how well countries are doing at achieving a long, happy sustainable life through well-being, life expectancy, inequality of incomes and Ecological Footprint indicators.

the total demand for goods and services produced in an economy; consists of consumer expenditure, investment spending, government expenditure and net exports.

confidence, unemployment, interest rates, wealth, taxes, indebtedness

the asset accumulation that retains value and can change value; e.g. property and financial investment

confidence, interest rates, taxes, technology, indebtedness

expenditure by firms on capital stock; it is planned investment for expansion.

change in priorities, change in political parties, health of the economy

income of trading partner, exchange rates, changes in trade policies (quotas and tariffs)

the value of a currency in terms of another

a tax on imports; it encourages consumers to purchase more domestic goods and move away from foreign goods.

a physical limit to the volume of a particular good entering from abroad.

a set of policies designed to protect domestic firms from the competition of foreign firms in the domestic market (quotas, tariffs, subsidies).

the total quantity of goods and services produced in an economy over a specific period of time when resource prices stay relatively constant.

resource prices, government intervention (regulation, subsidies, taxes), supply shocks

a school of thoughts that believes that money supply is the most effective and direct way of regulating the economy.

a school of thought that believes that government intervention and policies to manage aggregate demand is the best method of addressing the economy and preventing economic recessions.

a country’s potential capacity in terms of factors of production; determined by the quantity and quality of the factors of production.

land, labour, capital, entrepreneurship, improvements in technology, efficiency and changes in institutions (degree of private and public ownership of resources, degree of competition, quantity and quality of government regulations, bureaucracy).

intersection of the short-term aggregate supply curve and the aggregate demand curve

where aggregate demand falls, creating a negative output gap, meaning that the output is below full employment level of output.

when aggregate demand increases, the economy overheats and produces above full employment.

when the economy experiences high unemployment, rising inflation and lower real GDP; this is caused by a fall in SRAS

when all resources are being employed and the economy is operating at a natural rate of unemployment; LRAS, SRAS and AD intersect.

where the economy slows down and operates below full employment; this creates unemployment

the skills, knowledge, and experience of the workforce

where the central bank uses money supply and interest rate to manage the economy.

the total amount of money in circulation

the cost of borrowing money

a minimum amount of the deposits that commercial bank must keep in its vault; decided by the central bank

the rate at which the central bank charges commercial banks for charging money; it influences the interest rate offered by commercial banks.

where the central bank creates digital money to buy bonds.

interest rate adjusted for inflation

the ability and willingness to hold money at certain interest rates at a certain moment in time

the proportion of the addition to income that consumers spend

the proportion of the addition to income saved

the proportion of the addition to income that is spent on imports

the proportion of the addition to income that is taxed

an increase in real GDP

an increase in the actual output of an economy

an increase in the quality or quantity of the factors of production; an increase in the production possibility of the economy

percentage of people who are of working age, actively seeking for work and unemployed relative to the labour force (employed + unemployed)

when a lack of aggregate demand forces the economy to make workers redundant

a gap between the people willing and able to work for a certain wage and the number of jobs available

the percentage of people who are unemployed because of a frictional, seasonal or structural reason

those who are between jobs or between schooling and a job and therefore unemployed

those who are unemployed because their skills are needed only at certain times of the year

a mismatch between the demand and supply for the labour caused by industrial changes or labour market rigidity

a sustained increase in the general price level over a period of time

a sustained decrease in the general price level over a period of time

a decrease in the rate of inflation of a certain country

when the inflation rate exceeds 50% a month

inflation caused by a shift rightward of the AD curve

inflation caused by the shift leftward of the SRAS curve (usually increase in cost of production)

a weighted basket of goods and services that are bought in an economy by a typical family; used to measure inflation

a diagram that plots the unemployment rate against the inflation rate in an economy

policies aimed at supplying the supply side of the economy; they aim to increase the quantity and quality of the factors of production through increased efficiency and competition in the economy

policies that aim to increase the competition in the economy by encouraging the forces of the free market

policies involving the government directly intervening in the economy to increase the quantity or quality of the factors of production

removing rules and restrictions to production

the transfer of ownership from the public to the private sector

the removal of trade barriers to increase trade with other nations

regulation to increase competition in the economy by avoiding the dominance of one single firm

an organized association of workers that aims to protect and further the rights and interests of workers

a price floor, where the government intervenes in the labour market and sets wages above equilibrium level

when increased public sector borrowing and spending causes a decrease in loanable funds and an increase in interest rates; this can lead to lower investment in the economy