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what were the events of the First Battle of St. Albans?
-Lancastrians defended on the narrow streets of St. Albans to block Yorkist entry
-Warwick ordered a Yorkist attack into Lancastrian homes
-Henry VI captured and taken to the Abbey
Somerset killed 4 men before dying
-roughly 60 men died, including Northumberland and Clifford
What were the short term outcomes of the First Battle of St. Albans?
-due to Henry VI’s injury, he was forced to make York chief councillor
-Margaret and Edward fled into exile
What were the long term outcomes of the First Battle of St. Albans?
-Due to Henry’s mental health, York was made Lord Protector in November 1455
-led to the Yorkist usurpation in 1461
What is ‘vendetta’ and how did they develop after the First Battle of St. Albans?
-a blood feud occurring between Somerset’s heirs against the Yorkists due to the murder of Somerset
How did the First Battle of St. Albans affect Henry VI?
-caused a relapse of his mental illness, never fully recovered
-no longer able to rule under his own right
How did the First Battle of St. Albans impact Margaret of Anjou?
-made her the leader of the Lancastrian party
-became determined to destroy York
-set up court in Coventry and contained Lancastrian supporters
How did the First Battle of St. Albans impact Richard Duke of York?
-became Chief Advisor to the King
-protectorate reinstated in November 1455
-became Constable of England and vendettas were formed amongst the two families
How did the Yorkist victory at St. Albans result in York restoring his protectorate?
-replaced Somerset as Chief Advisor to the King
-was able to begin making decisions on behalf of the King
How did York’s desire to secure power result in him restoring his protectorate?
-was confident that he could win over the nobility and parliament with qualities the king lacked and the country needed
How did York’s promise of reform result in him restoring his protectorate?
-promised to introduce limits on royal expenditure to please tax payers
How did problems in the South-West result in York restoring his protectorate?
-dealt with the Bonville-Courtenay issues that the King had failed to resolve
How did the King’s health result in York restoring his protectorate?
-The King relapsed in 1455, where he was no longer able to govern on his own accord
How did the lack of an alternative to York result in York restoring his protectorate?
-the only other choice was Duke of Exeter, who was condemned as an unstable traitor by York for plotting with James I
How did Margaret of Anjou become the head of the Pro-Lancastrian faction in court?
The King was ill and she had a duty to protect her son’s legacy from the Yorkists
How did medieval views of Margaret of Anjou influence her historical perceptions?
-perceived as ferocious and vengeful for wanting to protect her husband and son’s legacy, and to destroy York
Reasons why Margaret of Anjou was blamed for the development of conflict?
-made Warwick’s fees too high, causing him to resign
-put her own supporters in senior government positions
-convinced Henry to charge York with treasons
-persuaded nobles that previously didn’t support her to back her
Reasons against Margaret of Anjou causing the development of conflict?
-she was trying to protect her son’s inheritance
How did the second protectorate benefit Richard Duke of York?
-Warwick became Captain of Calais, giving the Yorkists a larger powerbase
Why were there no major battles between 1455-59
-neither side had the strength to defeat the other, so peace was maintained to assert dominance
-Margaret and York sought to stabilise England
Describe the events of the Courtenay and Bonville dispute:
-dispute over which family should dominate Devon
-After St. Albans, The Bonville’s aimed to ally with the Yorkists, leading to the Courtenay’s retaliating with violence
-Killed Nicholas Radford, Bonville’s lawyer
-Courtenay’s took control of Exeter and defeated the Bonville’s at Clyst1455
-York intervened, arresting the Earl of Devon and granting the Courtenay’s a royal pardon
Welsh example of uneasiness in England at this time:
-Disputed between Edmund Tudor, William Herbert and Walter Devereux
-Tudor captured Carmarthen Castle from York’s custody and was later captured by Devereux
-died after his release, leaving his wife Margaret Beaufort widowed
London example of English uneasiness at this time:
-Yorkists wore padded jackets
-Margaret of Anjou moved her court to Coventry, and moved Henry to Kenilworth Castle
What were the events and significance of Loveday?
-Leading members of each faction walked through the streets arm in arm
-attended a religious ceremony in St. Pauls Cathedral to show a love of peace
-London was full of armed men representing each faction, highlighting the two clear sides
Why did war break out in 1459?
-Henry was too ill to govern
-Courtenay-Bonville disputes increased uproar in the South-West
-disputes between nobility
-vendettas against the Yorkists
What were the causes of the Battle of Blore Heath?
-Warwick’s refusal to obey government orders to return to London under piracy allegations
-June 1459, a Great Council met at Coventry, leading to York ordering a meeting at Ludlow
What were the events of the Battle of Blore Heath 1459?
-Lancastrian army of 10,000 men fought the 5,000 men Yorkist army
-Margaret ordered Audley to prevent Salisbury from joining York, requesting him dead or alive
-Audley used aggressive tactics, launching cavalry charges, leading to his death during the second charge
-Lord Dudley commanded, led to many deaths and the remainder of the Lancastrian army fleeing
-2000 Lancastrians died, compared to 200 Yorkists
What were the consequences of the Battle of Blore Heath?
The Ludford Bridge confrontation
What were the events of the Ludford Confrontation?
-Yorkist army resumed their march to Ludlow to join York
-Warwick arrived at Ludlow Castle with a contingent of soldiers from Calais, awaiting Margaret’s army
-Yorkist dug ditches and barricades at Ludford Bridge
-Trollope and Calais garrisons retreated once learning they would be fighting the King
-Victory for Margaret
What were the agreements made at the Parliament of Devils?
-attaining 27 Yorkist leaders and barring them from succeeding to their estates
-confiscated land was given to Lancastrian supporters
What was the significance of the Parliament of Devils?
-people felt this was too extreme a punishment
-majority of nobility felt Margaret had gone too far and he actions set a worrying precedent for them
What were the events of the Battle of Northampton?
-Yorkist supporters distributed propaganda sheets across the South East
-Salisbury and Warwick landed in Kent, marching to London and were greeted as heroes
-built up reinforcements and headed north with 8000 men, meeting the 5000 Lancastrian men
-heavy rain made the Lancastrian canon useless, but repelled advances
-turned into a riot with the Lancastrians fleeing, 4 main leaders killed
-500 Lancastrians killed, Margaret fled with Edward, taking refuge at the Welsh Marches
What happened in the aftermath of the Battle of Northampton?
-Yorkists took Henry VI and returned to London
-replaced the ‘evil councillors’ with Yorkist men
-York returned to England in September 1460, marched under the royal banner and carried his sword upright
-expected applause from Lord but received nothing
-claimed the throne 6 days later in the high court of Parliament
-On October 1460, the Act of Accord was passed
What was the significance of the October 1460 Act of Accord?
-suggested that Duke of York was to become King after Henry VI, taking the inheritance from Prince Edward
-led to Margaret gathering an army in the North
-Lancastrian sympathisers gathered to her side, and attacked Yorkist property in the North
What were the events and aftermath of the Battle of Wakefield 1460 and their significance?
-York and allies spent Christmas at Sandal Castle
-castle was surrounded by Margaret and her 12,000 men army
-Yorkist foraging party was attacked by Lancastrians
-York and Salisbury rode out to defend, being captured and overwhelmed
-York was beheaded under Margaret’s orders
What were the events and aftermath of the Battle of Mortimer’s cross and their significance?
-After the death of York, his son, Edward, led his forces against the Lancastrians (led by Jasper Tudor) with 5,000 men each side
-Edward sought revenge by marching to meet the Lancastrian force at Mortimer’s Cross
-Yorkist forces woke to the sight of 3 suns, viewing it as a sign of victory
-Lancastrians tried to flee across the river, and were drowned by the weight of their armour
-2000 were killed, including Owen Tudor, leading to the Earl of March increasing stature as military leader
How did the actions of Margaret’s ‘Northern Host’ alienate support for the Lancastrian cause?
-Her Northern army headed to London, pillaging towns and villages they passed through
-ruined the reputation of the army , after the second Battle of St. Albans, London was hesitant to led her back in
-made London more pro-Yorkist, paving the way for the new Duke of York, who was en route
What were the actions of the Yorkists following the Second Battle of St. Albans and their significance?
-12,000 Lancastrians and 10,000 Yorkists
-in response to the Northern Host, Warwick marched from London with Henry VI to intercept the Lancastrian army
-Lancastrians diverted and bypassed the army, surprising Warwick by entering from the South
-Lancastrians were led by Trollope, attacking the Yorkists and causing many to flee when they felt the battle was hopeless
-Henry VI returned to the Lancastrians
-500 Lancastrians were killed or injured, compared to 2000 Yorkists
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