AP Computer Science Exam

error that results when the number of bits is not enough to hold the number, like a car's odometer "rolling over"

off

Compressing data in a way that throws some data away and makes it almost impossible to recover the original, great compression, like JPEG images

Compressing data in a way that preserves all data away and allows full recovery of the original, good compression

data about data, like a camera storing the location, aperture, shutter speed, etc. for a digital photo

code flows line by line, one after another, like a recipe

a boolean condition to determine which of two algorithmic paths are taken, aka if

using a looping control structure, like while, for, foreach, repeat, repeat

polynomial in the number of steps an algorithm takes in the worst case based on the input size

Usually exponential in the number of steps, like doubling every time your input grows by one

using a "rule" to guide an algorithm, like always walking toward the north star if you were stuck in a forest

A problem that is so difficult, we can't ever create an algorithm that would be able to answer yes or no for all inputs, like determining if a user's program run on some input would always stop and not run forever

Going one by one vs starting in the middle and going left/right like looking for a word in the dictionary

requires the list to be sorted in order and then cutting the list in half

Application Programming Interface

Lots of people to help with a scientific project, like asking everyone around the world to count the butterflies they see one day

Using distributed calculations and/or storage for big data or a web application

Asking lots of users online to help with something, like funding a project, or running SETI@Home to help look for extraterrestrial signals

An alternative to copyright that allows people to declare how they want their artistic creations to be shared, remixed, used in noncommercial contexts, and how the policy should propagate with remixed versions

A policy that allows people to have read access to things, e.g., libraries or online data

The # of transistors on a chip doubles every two years

to

The idea that some communities / populations have less access to computing than others

Internet Service Provider

Speech on the Internet goes from the source to an ISP, into the cloud, out of the cloud to another ISP, and to its destination

1. It can try to control the speaker or the speaker's ISP, by criminalizing certain kinds of speech. But that won't work if the speaker isn't in the same country as the listener.

The posters could evade responsibility as long as they remained anonymous, as they easily could on the Internet.

Congress had given the ISPs a complete waiver of responsibility for the consequences of false and damag

Each protocol interfaces only to those in the layers immediately above and below it, and all data is turned into IP bit packets in order to pass from an application to one of the physical media that make up the network.

Email, Web, Phone

SMTP, HTTP

TCP, UDP

IP

Wire, Fiber, Radio

Transmission Control Protocol

User Datagram Protocol

HyperText Transport Protocol

Simple Mail Transport Protocol

"End to End," in the Internet, means that the switches making up the core of the network should be dumb—optimized to carry out their single limited function of passing packets.

Request for Comment

building, nonhierarchical in the extreme. Someone posts a proposal, and a cycle of comment and revision, of buy

To translate a binary numeral (like 11010111012) to hexadecimal, start by splitting it into groups of four bits, from right

A network of independent but connected devices all over the world.

The collection of interlinked website documents (such as HTML files) that you can view with a web browser by typing addresses like http://bjc.berkeley.edu/website/privacy.html.

Hypertext markup language

Uniform Resource Locator

A computer hosting data for others to access

the standard for communication between browsers and servers (usually "http" or "https")

The name of the server that hosts the data

the location of the data in a hierarchy of folders on the server

Standards for communication

Internet Protocol

There are multiple pathways among the physical connections of the Internet to create redundancy. Even if one pathway is unavailable, there is still another way to transmit a message from sender to receiver

There are two ____________ Internet addressing systems, domain names and IP addresses. These address ______________ works much like the postal system, which locates people first by state, then city, then street, then house number, then apartment, and then finally person.

ability to work around problems

the ability of the net to keep working even as the size of the network and the amount of traffic over the network increase.

A kind of malware that tries to spread itself over the network to other computers.

Helps protect against virus attacks

An attacker sends you an email that appears to be from some official organization (such as your bank) and tricks you into giving information to the attackers (such as your bank password).

Distributed Denial of Service

Consists of sending a lot of requests to a server at the same time. This can overload the server's network bandwidth.

Causes a temporary inability to reach the targeted server so other users of that server are denied service.

Transport Layer Security (TLS) or maybe an older version called Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

Used by many websites for encryption to protect files and information that is transmitted over the Internet. They issue certificates to verify the identity of a user or computer.

The IP address that is logged by various servers/devices when you connect to them through your internet connection.

An IP address that's reserved for internal use behind a router or other Network Address Translation (NAT) device, apart from the public.

This address is big enough to support 2^32 computers. That's about four billion (4 · 109), but there are more than seven billion people on Earth, so there aren't enough IP addresses to go around. Each of the four numbers in a typical IP address today is an eight

The long

The "connection points" of the Internet.

When you send a message over the Internet, your computer divides it into small chunks called __________ that it sends individually, each on its own path. A __________ can include any kind of data: text, numbers, lists, etc.

A digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data into suitably sized blocks, called packets, which are transmitted via a medium that may be shared by multiple simultaneous communication sessions.

Manages the complexity of the Internet by hiding the details of lower levels of the system. The highest level of abstraction includes the most general features of the Internet that have to work the same across all devices. At lowers levels of abstraction, things get more device

The highest level of abstraction because they manage how data is interpreted and displayed to users. These protocols give meaning to the bits sent by lower

Manage the breakdown of a message into packets to be transmitted by lower level protocols and also the reconstruction of the message from the packets upon arrival.

Manage the pathways that the data packets travel across networks. These protocols treat the Internet like one large network even though the physical reality on the lower level is one of many tiny subnetworks.

Also known as Link Layer

Domain Name System

readable

The computers on the Internet and the connections among them don't belong to any one organization.

the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers