AP Psych Unit 4 Learning

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information and behaviors

classical conditioning (learn to expect/prepare for events) operant conditioning (learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and avoid acts that bring unwanted results) cognitive learning (learn new behaviors through observation or language)

habitual behaviors

decrease responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

learning that certain events occur together the events may be 2 stimuli or a response and its consequence

any events/situation that evokes a response

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli

behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences

learn

the acquisition of mental information whether by observing events, watching others and through language

type of learning in which we link 2+ stimuli

explored classical conditioning He used 1st stimuli a tone comes to elicit behavior of dog drooling in anticipation of 2nd stimuli food

the view that psychology should be 1) objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes most agree with 1 not 2

founder of behaviorism

disdain mentalistic concepts such as consciousness and basic laws of learning are same for humans and animals

a stimulus that elicits no response behavior

a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers an unconditioned response

an unlearned naturally occurring response to a US ex salvation to food

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

an originally neutral stimulus that after associated with an US triggers a CR

initial learning of stimulus response relation, when one links a NS and US so NS begins to trigger CR

biologically adaptive by helping prepare for good/bad events

a procedure where a CS and NS are paired

diminishing of a CR when US is absent

reappearance of an extinction of CR

similar stimuli to CS resulting in the response to occur ex similar sounding tone -> dog salivates

learned ability to distinguish between a CS and similar stimulus that do not signal a US

adaptive

many other responses to many other stimuli can be CC in organism, a way to adapt to environment show learning process can be studied objectively

Pavlov's findings

health and well-being, drug additions, immune system

type of learning in which behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcers or less likely to recur if followed by punisher

behavior that operates on environment to produce reward/punish stimuli

Thorndike's principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely and less likely unfavorable consequences become less likely

used Thorndike's principle and developed behavior technology that revealed principles of behavior control

precise conditioning that foster efficient/enduring learning

a chamber/skinner box containing bar/key an animal manipulates to obtain food/water reinforcement and devices to measure rates of bar pressing/key pecking

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows depending on animal/human condition

procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer to desired behavior

complex behaviors gradually and understand what nonverbal organisms can perceive

a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

increase behaviors by PRESENTING positive reinforcers any stimulus when PRESENTED after a response and strengthen the response

increase behaviors by STOPPING/REMOVING aversive stimuli any stimuli when REMOVED after a response strengthens it

strengthen behavior

an innately reinforcing stimulus, no learning required needs for life ex: food water

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

offer immediate payback animals will repeat reward behavior

require the ability to delay gratification

delayed reinforces showing maturity and leads to increase competent ex - not using your starbucks stars to get a free drink at 150 and wait to get that free merchandise at 400

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs leading to fast learning and extinction does too

reinforcing response but only sometimes leads to slower learning and extinction

every so many, reinforcement after nth behavior ex buy 10 coffee get 1 free

unpredictable number, reinforcement after random # behavior ex winning of slot machines

every so often, reinforced behavior after a fixed time ex Wednesday BOGO at Pizza T

unpredictable time, reinforced behavior after random time ex pop quiz

number of responses ratio schedules

unpredictable

an event that decrease behavior that follows it

swift and severe

give an adverse stimulus ex getting a speeding ticket

withdraw a rewarding stimulus ex getting your phone taken away

1. temporarily suppresses bad behavior

2. teaches discrimination among situations, where or where not to have bad behavior

3. teaches fear thro generalization

4. may increase aggression by showing violence can solve problems

Reinforcement tells you what TO do

external influences shape behavior not internal thoughts/feelings use rewards to increase desirable behaviors

external consequences already aimlessly control people so why not use reinforcement, more humane than punishment, for human betterment