Human Body Test Biology

structure

function

contracts forcefully when excited, providing movement (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle)

responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities and are made up of neurons and glial cells (found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves)

binds the cells and organs of the body together (bone, tendon, and fat and other soft padding tissue)

groups of cells that cover the exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways, and form certain glands (skin surface, lining of the GI tract organs and other hollow organs)

The way that living organisms maintain (relatively) constant internal physical and chemical conditions, happens despite changes in internal and external environments, uses many self-regulating processes that work together to maintain the conditions for survival

a stimulus produces a response which opposes the stimulus and brings the body back to the set point.

created when reactions affect themselves and can be positive or negative

a reaction that causes an increase of a function, encourages it (childbirth, blood clotting,

the desired state

fluctuations in a variable

detects stimulus and triggers an appropriate change

the activity that helps return a variable to its set point

(in blood-glucose regulation) can add or remove glucose from the blood to regulate blood sugar levels

(in blood-glucose regulation) produces the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood-glucose levels

a hormone the decreases blood sugar levels (produced by pancreas)

a hormone that increases blood sugar levels (produced by pancreas)

A disorder where the body cannot regulate its blood glucose levels without help

help maintain homeostasis by breaking things down; Break down food molecules (all types of macromolecules) that can be used as raw materials in the cell; Breaks down organelles that are no longer useful; recycles waste

converts food into smaller molecules that can be used by the cells of the body.

taking food into the body, first step of the digestive system

breaking food down; chemical digestion (breaks apart chemicals with enzymes); mechanical digestion (breaks down food physically. Ex. chewing)

taking up nutrients from food via the small intestine (third step of the digestive system)

undigested food waste passing out of the body (last step of digestive system)

(digestive system); mechanical digestion: chewing; chemical digestion: mixing the food with saliva

enzyme, saliva contains it, it breaks down carbs into simple sugars

(digestive system) back of the throat that chewed food moves to

(digestive system) closes to keep food out of the airways (trachea and larynx) to prevent choking

(digestive system) chewed food moves down this tube

(digestive system); mechanical digestion: does a churning motion to help break down food; chemical digestion: mixes food with hydrochloric acid (HCl)

an enzyme that breaks down proteins

(digestive system); takes food from stomach,completes chemical digestion, main site for nutrient absorption, water and undigested food are left behind to travel to the large intestine

(digestive system); stores undigested food (waste), reabsorbs water from food, absorbs vitamins from bacteria

waste from the large intestine travels here to be released

(digestive system) makes bile - stored in gallbladder, released into small intestine to break down fats

(digestive system) produces enzymes that break down all four macromolecules, makes sodium bicarbonate to neutralize hydrochloric acid, released into small intestine

finger-like projections on the inside wall of the small intestine, villi help increase surface area for nutrient absorption

Transports nutrients to cells, removes waste from cells, gas exchange (O2 to cells, CO2 away from cells), helps fight infection (white blood cells especially), regulates body temperature

(circulatory system) carries oxygen to the cells via the iron on hemoglobin protein, the most common type of blood cell by far

(circulatory system) cells that fight disease by engulfing pathogens (phagocytosis!) or making antibodies

(circulatory system) blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart

(circulatory system) blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood TOWARDS the heart

(circulatory system) the smallest blood vessels (more surface area!), reach all body cells to bring nutrients, remove waste, responsible for gas exchange (O2 and CO2)

(circulatory system) a muscular pump that helps move/pump blood around the body (circulation)

(circulatory system) the path between the heart and lungs

(circulatory system) the path between the heart and capillaries that reach all body tissues

(circulatory system) blood without oxygen; PATH: right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs

(circulatory system) blood with oxygen; PATH: left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, rest of body

(circulatory system) receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle

(circulatory system) pumps oxygen poor blood from the right atrium to the lungs

(circulatory system) receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps in to the left ventricle

(circulatory system) takes the oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it throughout the body

Allows air to come in and out of the body (breathing), gas exchange between the air you breathe and the blood circulating in your lungs (inhaling oxygen; exhaling carbon dioxide)

(respiratory system) tiny inflatable air sacs that exist at the end of the bronchial tubes in the lungs, gas exchange happens here

(respiratory system) large organs with a network of air tubes inside of them. They inflate as air comes in and deflate as air leaves.

(respiratory system) muscle beneath the lungs that contracts during inhalation and relaxes during exhalation - helps you inhale and exhale

A communication system that allows an organism to respond to stimuli; collects information about the body’s internal and external environment, process that information, and responds to it.

(nervous system) a structure that allows your body to process information and respond accordingly

(nervous system) Connects to the brain and brings information to/from the brain

(nervous system) Cells of nervous system that transmit signals to various organs in the body

(nervous system) neurons that collect information about the body’s environment and carry impulses from sensory organs to brain

(nervous system, neuron) central nervous system (brain and spinal cord); processes info from sensory neurons, formulates a response, sends impulses to motor neurons

(nervous system, neuron) carries out response, brings impulse from CNS to muscles and glands

(nervous system) the point at which a neuron transfers an impulse to another cell

(nervous system) chemicals that transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

(nervous system, type of system) function: to process info and form a response; includes brain and spinal cord; made of interneurons

(nervous system, type of system) includes all other nerves that branch off from spinal cord; includes sensory and motor neurons; sensory neurons send impulses from sensory receptors to CNS; motor neurons carry out response from CNS

The system of organs (skin, lungs, liver, kidneys) that maintains homeostasis by removing metabolic waste and toxins from the body.

(excretory system) The skin excretes excess water, salts and a small amount of urea in sweat.

(excretory system) remove both useful substances and waste products from the blood through (filtration); remove excess water, urea and metabolic wastes from the blood; regulate salt content of blood; can use reabsorption to remove salt from the blood when salt content is too high

(excretory system) a substitute for kidney function; people whose kidneys do not function normally may undergo this

colorless, odorless nitrogen-containing compound which is the primary component of urine.

(excretory system) converts potentially dangerous nitrogenous wastes, a product of protein break down, into less toxic urea, which leaves the body via urination

(excretory system) process in which the kidneys remove both useful substances and waste products from the blood

(excretory system) when you exhale, your _______ excrete carbon dioxide and a small amount of water vapor.

the process of regulating the temperature of the body through heating and cooling mechanisms such as sweating and shivering

pieces of very large cells in the bone marrow that help form blood clots or slow/stop bleeding to help wounds heal

(structure of ____): A single molecule of nucleic acid is surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid. Surrounding the capsid is a protein envelope covered in protein spikes.

proteins that attack antigens by tagging them for destruction.