World History Lap 6

a high ranking nobleman who succeeded his uncle to the throne of Eastern Europe

uniformed legal code

a cathedral that has a great architectural legacy with Justinian

excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church

the center of Constantinople’s public life; it was a stadium for chariot races

Justinian

• The location was between Europe and Asia so it made the trade system easier

• Justinian enforced the Justinian Code so the population of the empire had an established set of laws

• Gaining territory that Rome lost expanded the population

• Christians in the East thought that icons were forbidden in the 10 commandments while Christians in the West allowed icons so people could learn without having to read and write

• The East and the West couldn’t agree o who was the head of the church

Germanic people who solidified power in Gaul (France)

religious communities that played a key role in the spread of Christianity

Emperor of the Franks

• disruption of trade

• downfall of cities

• population shifts

He extended the Franks’s reign and kept enemies out of their territores

He instigated the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome, the Gregorian mission, to convert the then largely Pagan Anglo-Saxons to Christianity

The pope crowned Charlemagne emperor. It signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire.

an estate of land, especially one hand on condition of feudal service

a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance

Lord’s estate

political and military system based on land ownership and loyalty

• Lords/landowners

• Knights

• Serfs

The peasants produced most of everything they needed, including food clothing, tools and furniture. They did not need to trade with others for their basic needs.

• the invasions caused widespread disorder and suffering

• most Western Europeans lived in constant danger

• Kings couldn’t defend their lands, so people couldn’t look to a central leader for security

• Feudalism→ a ruler or lord offers mounted fighters a fief, a unit of land to control in exchange for a military service

• Manorial→ the Lords provided safety and protection from outside threats and the serfs or peasants provided labor to run the manor

Kings and nobles appointed bishops

a series of religious was initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period

Church Law

compromise between kings and the papacy; Popes would appoint bishops, but kings could veto

Popes had the spiritual and religious power, while kings ruled the political aspect of kingdoms and empires. Kings and popes were constantly fighting for power; they both wanted dominance over Europe.

• The Church was a stable presence in an unstable time

• Churches were the religious and social centers of village

reclaim holy sites, stop the advance of the Muslims on Constantinople, and wealth and fame

• European merchants began to trade with Asia

• rediscovering of Greco-Roman ideas

• lessened the power of the Pope

• weakened Constantinople

• increased tension between Christians and Muslims

the creation of a European economy based on trade

an organization of individuals in the same business working together to improve that business

a corporation organized during the Middle Ages for the purposes of higher education

• Horsepower. In the past, oxen were used for power because they were cheap and reliable. Then they started using horses. They were more expensive but horses could do 3x more work than oxen

• Three-Field System. This system rotated crops between three fields leaving one field empty to replenish nutrients. It increased food production and the population’s health because they had a better diet.

• More workers were needed → serfs moved to town and workers were paid for labor

• More cash, banking, and lending services → More money available for building business

• Merchants’ wealth and power expanded → Merchants’ taxes increased the king’s power and wealth

The European contact with Muslim and Byzantines brought a new interest in learning in the works of Greek Philosophers. Most had disappeared during the centuries following the fall of Rome and the invasions