Lab Practical 2

Jointed foot

• segmented

• chitinous exoskeleton

• molting (ecdysis)

• jointed. paired appendages

• compound and simple eyes

• head, thorax, and abdomen

• cephalothorax and abdomen

• brain with a body segment ganglion connected by a ventral nerve cord

open

• gills (myriapod)

• book gills (class crustacea)

• book lungs (class chelicerates and insecta)

• foregut: pharynx, esophagus, and crop

• midgut: ceca and midgut

• hindgut: intestine, rectum, and anus

• GI tract: lined with peritrophic membrane (localize digestive enzymes)

Aquatic arthropods- nephridia

Terrestrial arthropods- Malpighian tubules

• Merostoma (horseshoe crabs)

  • carapace: covers cephalothorax and book gills

• Arachnida (scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders)

  • fangs and book lungs

copper containing blood blood contains Limulus amoebocyte lysate

• blinds bacterial endotoxin

  • used to detect infections

• Cephalothorax and abdomen

• Biramous appendages

• Box like heart

  • pericardial sac

• Mouth, esophagus, stomach

  • gastric mill

  • intestine

• Digestive gland

  • functions as liver pancreas

• Homologous body structures

• Chilopods

  • centipedes

  • 1 pair of legs per body segment

• Diplopoda

  • millipedes

  • 2 pair of legs per body segment

• antennae

• compound and simple eyes (ocelli)

• thorax (pro-, meso-, meta-)

• Abdomen

• Complete metamorphosis

  • egg

  • larvae

  • pupa

  • adult

• Incomplete metamorphosis

  • nymph stages

  • adult form

• ossicles (calcareous plates) embedded in skin

• radial symmetry in adults

• water vascular system with tube feet

• mouth on oral surface and anus on aboral surface

• dermal gills and pedicellaria (dermal pincers)

• madreporite (sieve cover) for water vascular system

brittle stars

sea lillies and feather stars

sea urchin and sand dollars

sea cucumbers (tentacles)

tunicate and sea squirts

• notochord is lost in adult

• lancelets (amphioxis)

• use notochord to bury in sand and filter feed

ex: fish, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, birds

• jointed, dorsal vertebral column that replaces the notochord

• interior organs suspended in a coleo

• jawless fish: lampreys and hagfish (parasites)

ex: shark, skates, rays

• cartilaginous fish

• jaws arise from pharyngeal arches

• bony fish

• calcium skeleton

lobe finned fish--→ amphibians

ex: frogs, toads, salamanders, caelians

• tetrapods

• confined to moist environments

ex: crocodiles, alligators, turtles, snaked, and lizards

• fully colonize land

• amniote egg

• descendants of reptiles

• warm-blooded

• uterus

• sweat glands/mammary glands

• epithelial

• connective

  • including blood

• muscular

• neural

• cellular sheet that covers or lines structures

  • protection

  • selective barrier

  • impermeable barrier

  • secretion

  • sensory surface

• basement membrane: protein layer that epithelial cells sit on

numbers of layers and cellular shape

• Layers

  • Simple= one layer

  • Stratified= multiple layers

  • Pseudostratified= appears multiple

• Shape

  • Squamous= flat/fried egg (nucleus=yolk)

  • Cuboidal= square

  • Columnar= tall columns/rectangle

Supportive tissue with a characterizing extracellular matrix

• store energy (adipose)

• connect structures (tendon/ligaments)

• Support (dermis of skin, bone)

• Protection (immunity)

• Transportation (blood)

• Loose (scattered amorphous ground substance with fibers that are loosely connected)

  • collagen

  • elastin

  • reticulin

• Dense (tightly packed collagen fibers)

Both consist of cells called fibroblasts

• blood

• cartilage

• bone

extracellular matrix is a fluid called plasma

• platelets: cell fragments used in clotting

red blood cells

• filled with hemoglobin→ O2 and CO2

• no nuclei

in blood= macrophages in tissue

contain protein granules

• fight bacteria infectins

  • Neutrophils (neutral staining, most numerous)

  • Eosinophil (acid staining, kills nematodes)

  • Basophils (basic staining, turn into mast cells involved in inflammation)

• make antibody

• help macrophages

• kill specific target cells

have cells that live in hollow fluid-filled spaces called a lacunae

• chondrocyte→ cartilage

• osteocyte→ bone

columnar unit of bone

• haversian canal: blood vessel filled chamber; gas exchange with osteocytes

• lacunae: chambers containing little osteocytes

• canaliculi: connect the lacunae

contractile tissue

• sarcomeres: the contractile units of the muscle

  • overlapping thin filaments (actin) and thick filament (myosin)

• Striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac)

  • row of sarcomeres

• Smooth muscle

  • does not have sarcomeres, therefore, is not striated

Neurons are compromised of

• Dendrites

  • receive stimuli and are extensions of the cell body

• Axon

  • transmits action potentials

• Terminus

  • releases neurotransmitters

• Schwann Cells

  • glial cells that wrap around the axon making action potentials travel faster (skip)

• made of calcified collagen

• organized as osteon

  • made of connective rings of lamellae

  • surrounds Haversian canal

  • Specialized cells (osteocytes) within lacunae maintain vone

  • Canaliculi connect the Haversian canal and lacunae

connections between bones

• Immovable joints

  • space between bones filled with fibrous connective tissue

    • ex. skull and hip

• Moveable joints

  • have articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

  • have synovial membrane liuning that secretes a watery fluid for lubrication

• Ball and socket

  • allows full rotation

    • hip and shoulder joints

• Hinge

  • allows for rotation around an axis

    • elbow and knee joints

• Gliding

  • allows movement defined by a plane

    • vertebral joints and thumb joint

• Combination

  • hinge and gliding

    • jaw

• the bones that make the head and trunk

  • skull, vertebral column, ribs

• the bones that support the appendages

  • shoulders, arms, forearm, wrists, hands, pelvic girdle, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet

• clavicle

• scapula

• humerus

• radius

• ulna

• metacarpals

• phalanges

pelvic girdle

femur

• Tibia

• Fibula

tarsals

• metatarsals

• phalanges

• Cervical (7)

• Thoracic (12)

• Lumbar (5)

• Sacral (5)

• Coccyx (4)

• frontal bone

• parietal bone

• temporal bone

• sphenoid bone

• occipital bone

• ethoid bone

• nasal bone

• vomer

• maxilla

• zygomatic bone

• mandible

• clavicle

• scapula

• humerus

carpals

• radius

• ulna

• ilium (hips)

• ischium (butt)

• pubic (pubic area)

• thigh

• leg

• foot

patella