Apush Unit 8 (1945-1980)

-is basically a global contest between two different economic ideologies:

-Capitalism VS Communism

Democrat

-Truman Doctrine

-Chinese Revolution

-Korean War

-McCarthyism

-Berline Airlift

-Hydrogen Bomb

-NSC-68C

-CIA
-HUAC
-McCarran Act

-Rosenburgs

-Founded After WW2

-Internationalism!!

-51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.

-Central and Eastern Europe=Communism(Soviet control)

-Western Europe=capitalism

and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas.

-The development of Hydrogen bombs

US: Nov 1952

USSR: Aug 1953

-100 times more powerful than atomic bombs

The idea was obviously to “contain” the spread of Communism across the world.

For America, the best way to insure that Communism doesn’t spread is to create a strong economy in nations recovering from WWII.

-Truman

-It provided financial assistance, technical expertise, and resources to rebuild infrastructure, industries, and economies, aiming to stabilize the region and prevent the spread of communism.

-Give money to the nations to stabilize the country and STOP the spread of communism.

-Rebuild torn nations after WW2

-Eastern part=controlled by Soviet (communist)

-Western part=Controlled by the US, Uk and France (capitalist)

Berline blockage: cut off trade in west Berlin (the capitalist side of Berlin) (so Berlin couldnt trade)

Construction of the Berlin Wall (1961)

to prevent its population from escaping Soviet-controlled East Berlin to West Berlin

STALIN CUT OFF ALL TRADE IN AND OUT OF WEST BERLIN. HIS OBJECTIVE WAS TO FORCE WEST BERLIN TO RELY ON THE COMMUNISTS FOR FOOD AND FUEL.

-The US sent food/supplies/money on planes to Berlin which was in East Germany

-Importance: The successful outcome of the airlift not only secured the survival of West Berlin but also solidified the perception of the United States as a global leader committed to containing communism.

-served as a proxy conflict between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union

-The United States saw Greece as vital to its containment policy against communism, providing significant military and financial assistance to the Greek government.

-Defeated communist forces!

IMPORTANCE: it marked a significant test case for the implementation of the Truman Doctrine, demonstrating the United States' commitment to containing communism

established the policy of providing economic and military aid to countries threatened by communism

The act created many of the institutions that Presidents found useful when formulating and implementing foreign policy

INCLUDING the CIA(central intelligence agency):

-assassinations and covert operations during the 1950s

-(stop communist influence and Soviet espionage)

(Russian spies sent to America to get their secrets)

To gather intelligence and to carry out secret operations against unfriendly govts.

a collective defense alliance among Western European and North American countries, aimed at countering the perceived threat of Soviet aggression and promoting stability and security in the aftermath of World War II.

-a group of 32 countries from Europe and North America that exists to protect the people and territory of its members.

UK, US, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Turkey.

-A response to NATO

- if a NATO nation attacked a country in the pact, all the Warsaw Pact countries would come to its defense.

-Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania

was a top-secret policy paper produced by the United States National Security Council in 1950, advocating for a massive military buildup to confront the perceived threat of Soviet expansionism during the Cold War.

-BUILD more economic/military power!!! (by nuclear weapons..)

-used in the KOREAN war

-said nuclear power was the best way to combat communism

-The Chinese Communist part wins the Chinese civil war

-The establishment of the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong prompted fears of communist expansion in Asia

-Communist forces lead a rebellion in the Korean Peninsula

-Truman decides to ask the UN to intervene and prevent the spread of Communism militarily (sent American troops)

-North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel, invading South Korea.

-pushed in both ways until they stopped at the 38th parallel

SO ended the same way it started… (except millions of people lost their lives)

BUT example of the success of containment

-HUAC (House UnAmerican Activities Committee) :Accused hollywood/actors of being communists

To stop communism in America

Blacklisted people

-Joseph McCarthy: Senator who accused many prominent Americans of being communists

-McCarthyism: making public accusations of treason or disloyalty without evidence

Republican

Military Industrial Complex

Containment

Cuban Revolution

U-2 Incident

Sputnik and the Space Race

Brinkmanship

Mutually Assured Destruction

Creation of NASA and NDEA (1957)

If one country in a region came under the influence of communism, the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect.

-Used to justify the need for US intervention around the world

-IKE

launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957 ignited a sense of national urgency and anxiety in the United States, prompting fears of technological inferiority and Soviet dominance in space exploration.

Led to..the creation of NASA and the expansion of STEM programs through the National Defense Education Act

Military strategy in which each side possesses weapons of mass destruction. This guarantees that if either side were to use these weapons on the other, the other would retaliate and create complete annihilation of each side

The practice of pushing dangerous events to the verge or brink of disaster in order to achieve the best outcome

During IKE

refers to the relationship between the government, the military, and the businesses that make things for the military

These entities work together to research, produce, and supply military equipment and infrastructure.

WARNING to the americans

-with military production so closely tied to our industrial capacity, it would be tempting to start making policy decisions about military interventions based on the material interests of those who produced the weaponry.

a social and armed conflict led by Fidel Castro (COMMUNIST) to overthrow the government of Fulgencio Batista

-Cuba became communist

The US government had the Central Intelligence Agency recruit operatives in Cuba to carry out a violent campaign of terrorism and sabotage on the island, killing civilians and causing economic damage.

Sent Cubans (CIA) to overthrow the communists in Cuba BUT the communists won

-FAILED at containment

an American U-2 spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers was shot down over Soviet airspace

significance: prompting the cancellation of the summit in Paris and embarrassing the U.S. on the international stage.

Summit in Paris: scheduled to discuss the ongoing situation in divided Germany, the possibility of an arms control or test ban treaty, and the relaxation of tensions between the USSR and the United States.

Democrat

Flexible Response

deterrence

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Cuban Missile Crisis

ASSAINATED (Nov. 22, 1963)

a Cold War policy that aimed to provide a range of military options beyond the threat of nuclear war

DURING JFK

emphasized the importance of conventional military forces, counterinsurgency capabilities, and special operations

Wanted a deterrence approach

-launched by the United States in 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro's communist regime in Cuba

-FAILED due to lack of planning and inteligence

-the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion damaged the credibility of the United States internationally, emboldened Castro's government, and strengthened ties between Cuba and the Soviet Union

-Closest the world came to Nuclear War

-Pivotal event!!!

occurred when the United States discovered that the Soviet Union was secretly installing nuclear missiles in Cuba

President John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev engaging in intense diplomatic negotiations, ultimately resulting in a peaceful resolution where the Soviet Union agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba in exchange for a U.S. pledge not to invade the island nation.

President Kennedy's administration significantly increased U.S. involvement in Vietnam by expanding military aid, advisors, and support for the South Vietnamese government's fight against the communist Viet Cong insurgency.

Kennedy defined the civil rights crisis as moral, as well as constitutional and legal

Every race should be equal

Democrat

Gulf of Tonkin

Vietnam War

Tet Offensive

My Lai Massacre

Signs Civil Rights Act (1964)

Signs Voting Rights Act (1965)

Starts a “War on Poverty” through the “Great Society”

Due to problems at home and abroad, he refuses to run for a 2nd Term in 1968.

-was a conflict between North Vietnam, supported by communist allies such as the Soviet Union and China, and South Vietnam, backed by the United States and anti-communist allies.

-characterized by guerrilla warfare, heavy bombing campaigns, and widespread use of chemical defoliants(Agent Orange)

DESTRUCTION of lives and the environment

-sparked domestic protests and social upheaval in the United States,

(opposition to the draft, concerns about military escalation)

ultimately leading to America's withdrawal SO Vietnam becomes communist

required young men to serve in the military

leading to widespread protests and resistance against the war effort.

-building of underground tunnels

-blending in with the civilian population and wearing civilian clothing

-disguised themselves with brown/green paint to blend in with the jungle terrain

a group of American soldiers tortured, raped, and/or killed more than five hundred civilians in the village of My Lai in South Vietnam

(Bc couldn’t distinguish who was the enemy)

massacre shocked the world and became a symbol of the brutality and moral ambiguity of the Vietnam War

-fueled opposition to war

-Launched by Viet Cong and North Vietnam forces

was a coordinated series of surprise attacks on over 100 cities and military targets in South Vietnam, catching U.S. and South Vietnamese forces off guard.

it shattered the perception of American invincibility, undermined public support for the war effort in the United States, and led to a shift in U.S. strategy towards de-escalation and negotiations.

a tactical herbicide used by the U.S. military for control of vegetation

-Put the leaves off the trees to see better

(resulted in a lot of birth defects)

a jellied gas used in warfare in Vietnam. Napalm became the symbol of the war.

(burned/tortured lots of people)

was a prominent student activist organization in the 1960s that opposed the Vietnam War, advocating for peace, social justice, and political refor

-Organized marches and sit-ins in college campuses

in a new era of Federal Government leadership in providing income and nutrition support, access to educa- tion, skills training, health insurance and a myriad of other services to low-income Americans.

-intended to help end poverty in America

-Medicare, Medicaid,

Conservatives did NOT like the war on poverty

(LBJ)

basically an extension of FDR’s ‘new deal’

-Because of the unrest at home (about the Vietnam war)

- JFK: November 22 1963)

-MLK : April 4th 1968

-RFK : Democratic presidential candidate (who was likely to become president) (June 6 1968)

held in Chicago, was marked by intense anti-war protests and police violence, as thousands of demonstrators clashed with law enforcement outside the convention venue.

DEEP divisions in the Democratic party over the Vietnam war and civil rights issues

Republican

1970s=American was a conservative place

Vietnamization

Invasion of Cambodia

Kent State Massacre

Detente

SALT Treaties

Ping-Pong Diplomacy

tried to hide things from the public (Pentagon papers and the watergate scandal)

-Nixon was very popular

-The easing of strained relations. Used to reference the easing tensions during the Cold War.

during Nixon

His policies target minorities and the incarceration rate spikes.

the effort in the United States since the 1970s to combat illegal drug use by greatly increasing penalties, enforcement, and incarceration for drug offenders.

were the killing of four and wounding of nine unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard on the Kent State University campus.

(Students protesting the Vietnam war)

Top Secret document detailed the United States’ overall political and military involvement in Vietnam from the end of World War II to the Vietnam/Cold War.

President Nixon’s attempt to suppress highly classified damaging information (leaked to the press) about the US government's action during the Vietnam war

-Resulted in a Supreme Court decision favoring the press and a reduction in the power of the US government

Basically a document with all the things that were not reported to the Public during the Vietnam war

Nixon's policy that involved withdrawing 540,000 US troops from South Vietnam over an extended period of time.

Nixon ordered troops into Cambodia to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail and other supply lines used by North Vietnam, even though Cambodia was neutral. In 1970, he ordered air and ground strikes in Cambodia.

First treaty to establish limits on the number of nuclear weapons held by the United States and the Soviet Union, Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty.

the U.S. table tennis team visited China in 1971. This was the first time Americans had been to China since the communist revolution in 1949, and it helped to ease tensions between the two countries.

DETENTE

This law required the president to report to Congress within 48 hours after taking military action.

-designed to limit the U.S. president's ability to initiate or escalate military actions abroad.

U.S. troops are planned to be withdrawn from South Vietnam in 60 days due to the signing of the Paris Peace Accords. North Vietnam and Nixon also agree to withdraw troops from Cambodia and Laos.

-Economic prosperity

-Babyboom

-Suburbanization

-Automobile ownership

-Culture of conformity

-teen culture

-Rock ‘n’ roll

-Television and mass consumption

Anxiety leads to…

A. Social Conformity

B. Superheroes and villains

C. Overemphasis on safety and the role of the family.

The rise of communism during the 20th century influenced the creation of superheroes as a response to societal anxieties and the perceived need for symbols of justice and individualism to counter the collectivist ideologies espoused by communist regimes.

EX) Captain America, Superman

The superheroes protecting democracy vs. the evil villains of the Communist Soviets.

Under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, revolutionized transportation infrastructure, facilitating economic growth, national defense capabilities, and suburban expansion while reshaping American society and commerce.

The post-World War II era saw a significant growth in franchise businesses, driven by factors such as increased consumer demand, technological advancements, and standardized business models,

(After civil war) a dramatic increase in birth rates between 1946 and 1964, resulting in the largest generation in American history.

-influenced by a post-war economic boom, improved healthcare and sanitation, the GI Bill, and societal norms emphasizing family values and stability, shaping American culture, politics, and economics for decades to come.

provided World War II veterans with funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing

represented a quintessential symbol of conformity in 1950s America, featuring standardized, mass-produced homes that promoted uniformity in design and lifestyle.

EACH house looked the same

-Emphasized family norms and consumerism

CONFORMITY

-emerged as a form of cultural rebellion and youth expression in response to the conformity and conservatism of the Cold War era,

-challenging traditional societal norms and promoting individualism and freedom of expression.

-became a symbol of Western culture and values

-REBELLION AGAINST CONFORMITY

characterized by their rejection of mainstream society, consumerism, and conformity, embracing alternative lifestyles and artistic expression.

NON CONFORMITY GROUP

literature and poetry

1. Double V (WWII)

2. African-American contribution in WWII

3. Integration of Baseball (1947) * Jackie Robinson

4. Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)

5. Murder of Emmett Till (August 28, 1955)

6. Exoneration of Emmett Till’s murderers

1953-1961

First African American to play in Major League Baseball. This triggered a movement to integrate other sports as well.

the Supreme Court ruled that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional.

This was a group of laws, passed in 1956, intended to prevent integration of the schools.

-White Southerners HATED Brown v board

In large measure, white school boards, superintendents, state legislators — and white parents — did not want Black children attending school with white children.

SENT to private schools or CLOSED down the school in retaliation

Sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a bus, the boycott led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

-resulted in the desegregation of public transportation in Montgomery, Alabama.

Milam invaded Emmett Till's great-uncle's home and abducted the boy at gunpoint. They then severely beat him and gouged out one of his eyes before taking him to the banks of the Tallahatchie River, where they killed him with a single gunshot to the head.

brought nationwide attention to the racial violence and injustice

-Effect: Inspired the civil rights movement

(Mother wanted an open casket to show the brutality of White Southerners and the brutality of racism)

- A black church leader and a son of early civil rights activist and minister Martin Luther King Sr.

-Non violent means

-the leader of SCLC

-Wanted Civil disobedience (inspired by Gandhi and Thoreau)(peaceful refusal to follow unjust laws)

-Started during the Montgomery bus boycott

-Chose MLK as its first president

-Believed in educating African Americans and registering them to vote so they could get the right candidates elected to public office

-More conservative than the SNCC

-Wanted Civil Disobedience

Nine African American students faced violent opposition when attempting to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.

-President Eisenhower deployed federal troops to ensure their safety

African American college students initiated sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Greensboro, North Carolina

-sparking a wave of similar protests across the South and leading to the desegregation of many public accommodations.

(white people would pour hot coffee, cigarettes etc..)

sought to coordinate youth-led nonviolent, direct-action campaigns against segregation and other forms of racism

-EX) Sit-ins

student-led sit-ins at segregated lunch counters across the South and became the major channel of student participation in the civil rights movement.

1961-1963

The Children's Crusade of 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama, saw thousands of African American children and teenagers take to the streets to protest segregation and racial injustice.

-Organized by Southern Christian Leadership Conference

-Despite facing arrests, police violence, and water cannons, the young protesters remained committed to their cause, capturing national and international attention.

symbolized the staunch resistance to desegregation and civil rights progress, employing brutal tactics such as police dogs and fire hoses against peaceful protesters, including children, during the Birmingham Campaign.

Over 250,000 people gathered in Washington, D.C., where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech, advocating for racial equality and an end to discrimination.

The car turned off Main Street at Dealey Plaza around 12:30 p.m. As it was passing the Texas School Book Depository, gunfire suddenly reverberated in the plaza

-traumatized a nation and led a united Congress to make a constitutional change, in the form of the 25th amendment

Creation of the 25th amendment (1965): in case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.

1963 – 1969

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

-ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination,

implemented various Great Society programs aimed at reducing poverty and inequality (many of which benefited African Americans)

-EX) Medicare, Medicaid, Head Start, and the Economic Opportunity Act

provided funding for job training and education programs aimed at lifting disadvantaged communities out of poverty.

“War on Poverty”

hundreds of people gathered in Selma, Alabama to march to the capital city of Montgomery. They marched to ensure that African Americans could exercise their constitutional right to vote

outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting.

-to enable African Americans to register and vote and banned tactics long designed to keep them from the polls.

a minister, a leader in the civil rights movement and a supporter of Black nationalism. (Nation of Islam leader)

-Advocated change by “any means necessary”

-With the Black Panther party (“black power movement)

-Usually Violent means for the fight for civil rights

-Assassinated by Nation of Islam members who quarreled with him

- they still faced discrimination and oppression. This led to a movement away from nonviolent protest and moved towards things like the Black panther movement

(change is not occuring fast enought, we want change to occur quickly!)

It was a revolutionary organization with an ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, particularly against police brutality.

-It was founded with the purpose of protecting Black residents of Oakland, California, from police brutality.
-white approval declined (too-violent so blamed them for social disorder.

Martin Luther King was shot dead while standing on a balcony outside his second-floor room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee.

-In response to the assassination of MLK: Holy Week Uprising, were a wave of civil disturbance which swept across the United States following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

-Inspired other movements such as …

-Hispanic American movement

-LGBTQ+ movement

-Women’s rights

-Asian American movement

-was a Mexican American labor leader and civil rights activist who dedicated his life to improving the working conditions and rights of farmworkers in the United States.

Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), later known as the United Farm Workers(UFW)

to advocate for the rights of farmworkers and organize labor strikes and boycotts to demand fair wages and betterworking conditions.

-NON violent tactics

-Advocated for equal rights for LGBTQ+ (for equality, visibility, and liberation for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals.)

-sparked by a police raid on the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York City's Greenwich Village

-Effect: LGBTQ activists organized protests, demonstrations, and advocacy campaigns to demand an end to discrimination, harassment, and anti-LGBTQ laws and policies.

-Led to the creation of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF)and the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA),

-First openly gay member of the US house

-Key organizations and activists, such as the Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA), the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund (AALDEF)

-advocating for civil rights, and challenging anti-Asian racism and discrimination.

-Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965