Period 1: 1491–1607: The Meeting of Three People

This became important for the peoples of the Southwest, spreading from present-day Mexico across much of North America.

Ancestral Pueblo culture developed around 900 AD in the ____ region of the Southwest.

aka Early Pueblos, became increasingly dependent on maize cultivation, leading to the development of complex societies and architecturally sophisticated structures.

A 400,000-square-mile area between Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada Mountains.

Three large groupings of native peoples of the Great basin

They are the most commonly stereotyped native groups in American popular culture

comprised of hundreds of American Indian tribes along the east coast and in the interior of the present-day United States.

Was formed in present-day New York state, comprising the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, and later the Tuscaroras joined in 1720.

Formed to end infighting among the groups and became one of the most powerful forces in the pre-contact Northeast.

The Three Sister Crops

People lived in the Pacific Northwest along the Columbia River. Practiced foraging, hunting, and fishing as their main sources of livelihood.

eries of religious wars in the 12th and 13th centuries with the goal of securing Christian control of the Holy Land, which shook the stability of European feudal society and increased European interest in foreign trade goods.

A pandemic outbreak of bubonic plague in the 14th century. Reduced the European population by 30 to 60 percent

he developed the printing press i the 1440s.

Led by theologians Martin Luther and John Calvin. They broke with the Roman Catholic Church over church practices and beliefs.

Focused on renewing spirituality and gave rise to the Jesuits

a Catholic order devoted to spreading their gospel throughout the world.

This exchange brought turkeys, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cacao, and tomatoes, which revolutionized agricultural and culinary traditions in Europe.

This was also brought back to Europe as a result of sexual encounters in the New World, during the Columbian Exchange.

Portugal's maneuverable and sturdy ships called ______ were popular for exploration

Shareholders control part of the company in proportion to the number of shares they own. Risks were spread out among multiple investors

It is a key advantage of the joint-stock company, where shareholders can only be held liable for the face value of their shareholding.

Portugal searched for new trade routes to Asia, with the help of _______, and successfully rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached India and China by sea.

He sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.

He sailed and reached India by 1498.

Spanish monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, funded ______'s voyage west across the Atlantic.

Columbusʼs three ships, set sail in 1492 and, six weeks later, reached San Salvador.

The _____ in 1494 settled competing claims between Spain and Portugal to the newly explored lands outside of Europe, with Portugal granted lands to the east of a longitudinal line and Spain granted the rest of the Americas.

He sailed and reached Florida in 1513.

Spaniards later established the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States, at _____ (1585).

Defeat of ______ was one of the brutal episodes of violence, led by Hernán Cortés.

He led the conquest and defeated the Aztecs/Mexica.

Leader of the Aztecs when Cortes invaded the native.

The ______ of South America were defeated by a Spanish expedition led by Francisco Pizarro

The Incas of South America were defeated by a Spanish expedition led by ______.

This brought useful products and crops to the New World, including sugar, wheat, and bananas, as well as domestic livestock and horses, which transformed many native cultures.

required sending a percentage of gold and silver to the monarchy. The system led to brutal exploitation

These reforms were issued by the Crown in 1549 for better governance. Treatment of native peoples did not improve significantly

They were Africans who escaped slavery in the New World and formed independent communities

A significant Maroon community, was established in Brazil in the early 1600s and had more than 30,000 residents

Maroons in Jamaica joined communities of _____ and over time, came to control large areas of the Jamaican interior.

Intermarriage was common, leading to a variety of mixed race people called ____.

Casta system included ______ at the top.

Casta system included ______ in the middle.

Casta system included ______ at the bottom.

The Spanish, led by _____, responded by killing over 800 Acoma people, when they were attacked by the pueblo from New Mexico.

The idea of "___" superiority shaped Spanish understanding of race in the New World

This led to the creation of an elaborate hierarchy of racial classes, where one's degree of "pure blood" determined their place

Priest Bartolomé de Las Casas criticized Spanish actions in his book "_________". It chronicled atrocities against native peoples in the New World

a Spanish theologian, defended Spanish treatment of native peoples and argued they were "natural slaves" who could only perform manual labor