Bio 120-Gene expression

How genetic information goes from genotype to phenotype

DNA to RNA to Protein

The belief that one gene controls the synthesis of a singe enzyme

Info flow of genetics

DNA guides transcription of RNA which creates the Protein by translation

sometimes, cd does not always follow that order. Can go from RNA to DNA

It’s a small organized portion of DNA that transcribes into RNA to make a functional product

• Promotor

• Regulatory sequence

• Transcribed region

• Terminator

Site where RNA polymerase binds for transcription

The beginning of transcription.

Usually found on 5’ end

Site bonding to regulatory proteins that control whether gene is turned on or off

the whole part of DNA that is transcribed into RNA

The sequence that causes RNA to release from the transcription complex.

Stops transcription at the AAUAAA code

They bind to promotor with RNA polymerase

Pribnow boxTATAAT

TATA box

Only one strand

At the termination site

5 general transcriptional factors

A typical eukaryotic protein-coding gene has both ______ and exons.

• can merge to other intron and code for other protein

• jumping gene which is not good cuz that means it goes with an exon

• genetic diversity

• regulate gene expression

Removing an intron to join it with an exon to form an mRNA molecule with continuous sequence

in a spliceosome (protein complex) befire mRNA matures

A methylguanosine atttached to mature mRNA 5’ end

Basically a tail made of poly “A”( legit five As ) tail attached to 3’ end

• 5’ cap

• 5’ UTR (untranslated region)

• Coding region

• 3’UTR

• 3’ poly A tail

They are triplets of base pairs

Specifies an amino acid

Is a signal for the stop/ start of translations

• UAA

• UGA

• UAG

"The genetic code is universal as it can be transcribed after being transplanted from one species to another."

• Non- template strand

• Coding strand

• Sense strand

• Template strand

• Antisense strand

• Non- template strand

• Coding strand

• Sense strand

A permanent alteration of nucleotide sequence within the genome

• A base substitution

• Insertion or deletion

When one nucleotide and its complementary partner changes with another pair

A single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

When the change in codons does not affect amino acid specified by a gene

A sense codon that codes is changed to a chain termination codon

Insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence not divisible by three (completely changes the way we read)

• 20 AA Amino acids

• ATP and GTP (requires energy cuz endergonic)

• Enzymes and proteins

• All three RNA

• -rRNA makes the polypeptide chains

  -mNA carries info from out the nucleus and changes it to RNA language

  -tRNA reads mRNA it and brings it to Ribosomes

the 3’ end that corresponds to anticodon

Adding an amino acid to tRNA

rRNA

Sequencing rRNA because it is very conservative for each species

1. Initiation

2. Elongation

3. Termination

• Met-tRNA with energy-rich molecule(GTP) bind and form a complex

• Complex binds to 5’ end cap of mRNA

• GTP is hydrolised (GDP)

• Start of chain with AUG codon from N_ terminus to C-terminus (5’ to 3’)

• mRNA enters A site and meets tRNA

• P site catalyse the reaction 3 nucleotides at the time

• A P E site

• The elongation stops at A site with codon : UAA,UAG,UAG

• A factor binds in the a site since tRNA has no match codon

• the chain is released as the components disassemble