Unit 5

an improvement in the quality of life of people

development that seeks to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations

GNI - measures the income earned, including income from investments that flow back into the country

GDP - measures the value of goods and services produced within a country's borders, by citizens and non-citizens alike.

GNP - the value of goods and services produced by a country's citizens, both domestically and abroad

they reveal how a country invests in the quality of life of its people other factors include:

• child mortality rate

• life expectancy

• adult literacy rate

• percentage of children enrolled in schools

• access to safe water

• gender equality index

measures the development of a country in social and economic terms.

Uses

1. life expectancy

2. expected and mean years of school

3. GNI per capita

A score out of 1 - europeans the highest

• it considers 3 indicators instead of just 1

  • Thus better than just GNI.

• education and health are considered to be key indicators of development

• it has been used widely and reveals global patterns in development

• reliability on average data?

• no environmental indicators

• human rights, gender disparities & corruption also not considered

has been included in the UN development report since 2010 and issues of gender appear to be receiving increasing media attention

Takes in account

1. Female reproductive health

2. Participation in the labour market

3. Involvement in political system

Both men and female

• it has been used successfully to contrast gender inequality between countries. i.e Afghanistan in the bottom five not overall, because it only performs well in political seats for women.

• it considers 3 indicators instead of just 1

• it enables governments to focus their efforts and target policies towards reducing gender inequality

• ownership of assets and violence against women are not included in the GII

• unpaid work (e.g. childcare, housework) is also not included

• it does not consider participation in local government or other public walks of life when measuring empowerment

• information about the type of employment carried out by males and females is not included

• considers the GDP (PPP) per capita and healthy life expectancy

• it also looks at people’s willingness to donate money to charity, their freedom to make life choices, perception of corruption, available social suppor, laughter, and feelings of worry and sadness.

  “How happy is country”

• the index has been criticised for being too subjective and based on small sample size. only 2000-3000 people are interviewed in each country

• Economic status

  • Through microfinance

• Gender

  • In HIC women tend to be less educated

• Indigenous status

people that live in (or are attached to) traditional or ancestral territories, and who identify themselves as a distinct cultural group. Their ancestors lived in these places before modern states were established.

• insecure land and property rights

• discrimination

• heightened vulnerability to risk and climate change

• further health, education and other related socio-economic disparities

1. Intimate partner violence

2. Harmful practices - such as child marriage.

3. Unpaid domestic work and care

4. Disadvantage in leadership positions

5. Restriction in choice over reproductive health

the poverty cycle is a phenomenon in which families remain trapped for generations due to a lack of access to education, healthcare, and financial resources.

• It helps bridge the gap between rich and poor, allowing people to break the poverty cycle.

• It can also allow people to access insurance policies that cushion them against the impact of climate change.

• Combats “loan sharks” who charge small lenders like rural farmers high fees.

• People with little capital capacity can’t grow capital.

• Impoverished people need to work and can’t lend income.-

the provision of small loans to help poor people to start their businesses.

• The loans are often provided with relatively favorable/low-interest rates.

includes microcredit and the provision of financial services, such as saving accounts

• Some projects are still costly

• The loans are not always used towards escaping the poverty cycle

  • Some buy food and others use it to pay off loans.

• Not everyone knows how to effectively handle the money.

TRADE NOT AID. Oxfam considers it 20 times more important than aid.

• current unfair trading practices widen the gap between rich and poor.

  • Trading blocks are exclusionary

  • TNC’s often marginalize the local populations.

The attempt to make trade more socially, economically, and environmentally responsible. It prompts companies to act more responsibly and not to think only about financial gain.

• Gives power to the farmers that are usually powerless in the global market.

A policy that aims to increase opportunities for historically marginalized groups

Often LIC’s.

• Producers of goods often don’t get a fair deal

  • Farmers are often unable to support themselves and rely on charity too.

• People employed often don’t have safe working conditions

• People employed often don’t earn a lot.

• Create opportunities for disadvantaged producers

• More transparency with trading partners.

• A fair price that is discussed through dialogue.

• Reduce child labor and improve working conditions.

• Consideration of the local environment.

• ethical trade that gives producers a fair price for products and encourages safe employment

• The exchange of goods without barriers or restrictions.

companies assess the social, economic, and environmental impacts of their actions. if necessary they respond appropriately to minimise the impact and in this way contribute towards sustainable development.

• brand differentiation

• customer and employee engagement

• government policy

BUT EVEN THOUGH COMPANIES MIGHT HAVE A CODE OF CONDUCT THEY MIGHT NOT ALWAYS FOLLOW IT.

pretending to be more environmentally cautious than in reality.

• Costs

  • Not very efficient

• Benefits

  • Happier customer base

  • Different from competitors.

  • Morally correct

for-profit business model that strives to make a positive impact on social issues or the environment. But not always effective because not intrinsic goal

the way of life or characteristics of a group of people

the world is regarded as having become a single community by the effects of mass media, rapid travel, etc

• improving communication technologies

• mass media

• migration

• globalization (spread of products)

1. the export of a superior culture from advanced countries (westernization)

2. The mixing of culture leading to different practices

“natural” vs superimposed. Tends to be forced against voluntary

• democracy → spread to all over the world

• language → the spread of English

• tourism → British people in Chinese restauarants

• global brands → starbucks or Macdonalds

• media → thing of hollywood (forest gump)

all may cause the homogenisation of cultures, and can disturb indiginous communities

• language

• customs

• dress

• images

• beliefs

• food

• music

• Right conservatism

• Glocalisation

• Diasporas

The adaption of global products to meet the demands of the local market.

the spreading of culture from one place to another

occur due to

• migration of workers

• tourism

• movement of people

The practice of promoting culture in one nation by disseminating ideals, values, and principles. This is done with purpose and follows an imbalanced exchange with the recipient countries.

homogenisation

• It causes local retails to be put out of buisness

TNCs and development bring in new educational opportunities and increased health care. BUT it disrupts their lifestyle.

an effort to maintain a sense of balance among practices, values and customs of 2 or more different cultures.

• to meet local tastes and customs

• to meet the health, safety or electrical requirements of the country

• to meet the economic needs of the market

Think for example of Nike making hijabs, or tv shows in multiple editions

the process of places becoming more uniform or similar to each other

As cities become more diverse, they become more similar, increased heterogeneity causes homogeneity. Think for example about china towns.

• Efficiency

• Migration

• Capitalism / urban centers

the dispersion of people who share a common racial, ethnic, or cultural identity from their homeland.

when a group adopts the cultural traits of another but keeps some of its own characteristics

• Up

  • Can lead to cultural enrichment

  • Increased tourism

  • Improved government relations (not always)

• Down

  • Can lead to cultural alienation

  • Increased remittances

  • Can lead to brain drain in origin country

    • Like syrians.

• Advantages

  • cheaper production/prices for the consumer.

  • global competition ensures innovation

  • Specialisation possible (all-year products too)

• Disadvantages (pro-local production).

  • travel costs are expensive

  • People are often marginalized at the bottom

    • LICs benefit less

      Local enterupenuers undercut

• Loss of decision making

• Green house emissions (due to global transportation

opposition to the global economic system

• Demanding cultural protection

• Equal systems (at the bottom)

• .Nationalism

includes individuals, associations and movements, indipendant from the state and which aim to change policies.

• They have a collective power to oppose TNCs and resist products

• Anti-immigration policies

• Restricting the flow of information

• Trade restrictions

• increased job outsourcing

• poor working conditions

• degradation of natural resources

• people who have traveled Europe to seek asylum

• african migrants (often) illegally crossing unchecked borders through the mediterranean sea to search seek for economic opportunities and a better quality of life

• legitimate movement of people within EU; they are usually economic migrants

feed on anti-immigration beliefs. Not always the case, but they act as the scapegoat.

• can help fill the labour gap, i.e workers in dubai

• pay taxes and contribute to gdp

• Can balance aeging population

• can increase cultural diversity

• may lead to fall in wages

• may put pressure on housing services

• could lead to increaded unemployment

• could result in increased crime

• could result in increased litering.

• Eritrea

• North Korea

when policies are set up to shield a country’s domestic industries from foreign competion

• Increased political and economic independance

• self reliance in defense

• protected domestic industry

• protected jobs

• Money stays in country, doens’t leave

• prevents dumping of goods

• increase in government wealth from tarrifs

• Trade disputes may occur between nations

• Make markets less competitive → less choice and higher price for consumers

• No innovation needed, for companies

a restriction on how much may be imported or exported

tax or customs duty paid on imported goods

a cash or tax reduction benefit given by a government to a company or industry

• Prevents profits from being taken by TNC’s

• BUT equipment is very expensive and often needs foreing investment anyway.

The right of access to the internet.

non-democratic state led by people who are not elected. They tend to be more effective in internet censorship and closing migration.

the process of governments asserting control and taking ownership of their natural resources