Studied by 4 peoplewhat antigens does the humoral response identify
extra-cellular
what antigens does the cell-mediated response identify
intra-cellular
what cells are involved in humoral response
b-cells
what cells are involved in cell-mediated response
t-cells
what type of MHC cell is involved in the humoral response
MHC II
what type of MHC cell is involved in the cell-mediated response
MHC I
what is an antigen
substance that causes production of antibodies
all antigens have multiple …
epitopes
what is a hapten
antigens too small to provoke immune responses so they attach to a career molecule
hapten molecules and a carrier molecule combine to make a …
hapten-carrier conjugate
explain the structure of a typical antibody molecule
2 heavy chains held together by 2 disulfide bridges with light chains connected by 1 disulfide bridge
the heavy chains are known to be constant regions and activates complement
the light chains are the variable regions
what are the five classes of antibodies
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
which of the 5 antibodies is most abundant
IgG
what is the shape of IgG
monomer
what is 2 known functions of IgG
placental barrier between mother and fetus in immune support
target bacteria and extracellular toxins
what shape is IgM
pentamer
which antibody is first to be made in an immune response
IgM
what is the shape of IgA
dimer
where is IgA found
tears, salvia, mucus
what is the shape of both IgD and IgE
monomers
where are IgD antibodies found
present on surface of B-cells
where are IgE antibodies found
surface on mast cells and basophils
what two responses are IgE antibodies involved in
inflammatory response
anti-parasitic response
what does MHC stand for
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
what are MHC
genes that encode molecules on the cell surface
where are class I MHC found
membranes of nucleated animal cells
what is the role of class I MHC
identify “self”
where are class II MHC found
on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including B cells
what is the 3 step process of activation of B cells to produce antibodies
recognition
communication
action
explain the activation of B cells to produce antibodies
B cell internalizes antigen and expresses on MHC II
T-helper cells recognizes antigen and produce cytokines
cytokines activate b-cells to plasma cells for antibody production
what is a t-dependent antigen
antigen that requires on a t-helper cell to produce antibodies
what is a t-independent antigen
stimulate the B cell without the help of t cells
provoke a weak immune response, usually producing IgM
no memory cells generated
what is the result of antigen-antibody interaction
antigen-antibody complex
what does affinity mean
strength of bond
what does antigen-antibody complex protect
the host by tagging foreign molecules or cells for destruction
what are the 5 results of antigen-antibody complexes
agglutination
opsonization
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
neutralization
activation of complement system
what is opsonization
coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis
what is the purpose of neutralization
blocks adhesion
what is the result of activation of complement system
inflammation or cell lysis
pathogens entering the gastrointestinal tract pass through…
microfilm cells (M cells)
where are m cells located over
Peyer’s patches
what is the role of Peyer’s patches
transfer antigens to lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
what are the two antigen-presenting cells
dendritic cells
macrophages
what is the role of dendritic cells
engulf and degrade microbes and display them to T cells
where are dendritic cells found
skin, genital tract, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, mucus membranes, and blood
what is the role of macrophages
activated by cytokines or the ingestion of antigenic material
migrate to the lymph tissue, presenting antigen to T cells
what are the 4 classes of t-helper cells
TH1
TH17
TH2
T reg
what class of cytokine does TH1 cell release
Iγ
what class of cytokine does TH17 cell release
IL-17
what class of cytokine does TH2 cell release
IL-4
what is the role of TH1 cells
intracellular cell mediated immunity
what is the role of TH17 cells
extracellular pathogens (humoral)
what is the role of TH2 cells
parasitic immune responses
what is the role of T reg
regulate t-cell activity
what are the 3 stages of cell mediated immunity
presentation
communication
action
explain as a short answer question the stages of cell mediated immunity response
virus infected cell presents antigen on MHC I
TH cells recognizes antigen and releases cytokines
cytokines activate CLT cells which destroy infected cells
what is programmed cell death called
apoptosis
what does apoptosis prevent
spread of infectious viruses into other cells
what two proteins does a CLT cell release
perforin
granzymes
natural killer cells do not need what
stimulation by an antigen / t-helper cells releasing cytokines
what do natural killer cells do
kill virus-infected and tumor cells and attach parasites
what cells don’t express MHC class I self antigens
natural killer cells
when is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity useful
when organisms such as parasites which are too large for ingestion by phagocytic cells must be attacked externally
what is the role of eosinophil
releases cytotoxic cytokines
lytic enzymes and perforin enzymes
what is a a secondary response
occurs after second exposure to an antigen
what is class switching mean in a secondary response
where initial IgM response shifts to IgG, IgE or IgA occurs
what is naturally acquired active immunity
resulting from infection
what is naturally acquired passive immunity
transplacental or via colostrum
what is artificially acquired active immunity
injection of vaccination
what is artificially acquired passive immunity
injection of antibodies
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