Kinesiology 361 Exam 1

1. Long → Femur

2. Short → Carpals

3. Irregular Vertebrae

4. Sesamoid → Patella

5. Flat → Sternum

Spongy bone → Have trabeculae, spaces filled with red marrow, very porous (Like a sponge)

Cortical → Smooth and dense, outer walls of the diaphysis,

porosity → amount of empty space or pores in a material per unit of volume

Density → amount of mass in a material per unit of volume

1. Lacunae

2. Lamellae

   1. Concentric

   2. Interstitial

3. Canaliculi

4. Volkmann’s Canal

5. Central Canal (Haversian)

6. Blood vessels

7. Nerves

8. Osteon

1. Disordered eating

2. Menstrual disturbances

3. Osteoporosis

Vitamin D (Calcium) → insufficient leads to Rickets

Vitamin C (Collagen) → insufficient leads to Scurvy

Mild bone loss (Lower bone density)

Severe loss of bone density
- more increased chances of fractures
-more increased in post-menopausal women
-3x more likely for women to break a hip than men
-Older adults have increased full-risk

Undifferentiated, produce daughter cells that can become osteoblasts

Bone builders produce new bone and matrix
Stimulated by Thyroxine and sex hormones

Matured osteoblasts, housed in lacunae and maintain bone

Breakdown/resorb bone, release an acid and enzymes that breakdown bone
Stimulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Inhibited by Calcitonin

Stability → remain in a fixed position and resist unwanted movement, resist to dislocations

Mobility → Move freely through its range of motion

Synarthrosis → No movement (Fibrous skull)

Amphiarthrosis → Limited movement (Cartilaginous, fibrocartilage)

Diarthrosis → Freely Moveable (Synovial)

1. Synovial Cavity

2. Fibrous Capsule

3. Synovial Membrane

4. Synovial Fluid

5. Articular Cartilage

1. Ball and Socket

   1. All 3 planes,

2. Saddle

   1. 2 plans, flex. Exten. + ab/adduction

3. Hinge

   1. 1 Plane Flex.Exten

4. Gliding/Planar

   1. 1 Plane

5. Condyloid

   1. 2 planes, flex. Exten. + Ab/adduction

6. Pivot

   1. 1 Plane, rotation

1. Boney Structure

2. Ligaments

3. Muscles

4. Fascia/ Skin

5. Atmosphere pressure

1. Frontal Plane → Anterior-Posterior

2. Sagittal → Longitudinal

3. Transverse → Mediolateral

Epimysium → Bundles of Fascicles → Surrounded by Perimysium →Myofiber/Muscle fiber → Endomysium

1. Sarcolemma

2. Mitochondrion

3. Sarcoplasm

4. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

5. Nucleus

6. T-Tubules

A Band → Same for Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric

I Band → Smaller during concentric, More in eccentric, and the same in isometric

H zone → Smaller during concentric, more in eccentric, and the same in isometric

• Slow Oxidative

• Aerobic

• Fatigue resistance

• need oxygen to produce energy

• More mitochondria

• More capillaries

• Aerobic enzymes

• Take a little to get muscles going

• Fast glycolytic

• Anerobic → no oxygen

• less resistance to fatigue

• Produce more force

• Available enzymes

• Glycogen storage

• Larger motor unit size

• Two Types: Type II A and Type II B

  • Type A → More fatigue resistance

  • Type B → More fatigable

1. More time is available for force to develop

2. Elastic energy storage and realization

3. Potentiation of contractile machinery

4. Interaction of series elastic components and contractile component

5. Contribution of reflexes

Optimal length for max force

• Passively stretched

• Total Tension

• Develop tension

Optimum length is the length at which a muscle can exert maximum tension.

• Dynamic contractions

• As the speed of contraction increases, the force it can exert decreases

• At max. Velocity of contraction, the load is zero

1. Concentric → Muscle shortens and pulls on another structure

2. Eccentric → Muscle continues to contract while lengthening

3. Isotonic → constant tension as the muscle changes length

4. Isometric → Tension in muscles increases but with little to no movement.

5. Isokinetic → Contracts performed at a consistent speed

1. Longitudinal

2. Quadrate

3. Triangular

4. Spindles/Fusiform

5. Pennate

6. Bipennate

7. Multipennate

Scalars → Both Magnitude and Direction

Vectors → Just magnitude. no specific direction

1. Different measurements away from camera can lead to different results

2. Different angles can impact the camera footage of the motion being taken and can lead to different results

1. Wind-Up → Knee up

2. Stride → Foot contact + Max ER

3. Arm Cocking → Max ER

4. Arm acceleration → Max ER + Release

5. Arm Deceleration → Release

6. Follow through → Max IR

Displacement → change in position

Velocity → rate of change of displacement (How fast the displacement of an object is over time)

Acceleration → Rate of change of Velocity (How quickly an object’s velocity changes)