Endocrine System: Hormones

hypothalamic releasing hormone and hypothalamic non-releasing hormone

• Prolactin (PRO)

• Growth hormone (GH)

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

• Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

• Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Antidiurectic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin

Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Thymosin

Melatonin

Glucagon (alpha) and insulin (beta)

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (fight/fight)

Minealocorticoids

• eg. Aldosterone

Glucocorticoids

• eg Cortisone and Cortisol

Sex Hormones

• eg Estrogen (f) and androgen (m)

Ovaries release progesterone and estrogen (f)

Testes release androgen and sperm (testosterone) (m)

Leptin and prostaglandins

Erythropoietin

stimulates growth of mammary gland and milk production in a nursing mother

help with growth of muscle and bone

aids the release of T4 and T3 from the thyroid gland

aids in production of estrogen and eggs

helps regulate ovulation in females and testosterone levels in males

acts on the kidney and decreases urine output

aids in the release of milk from breasts, and acts on the uterus, causing uterine contractions

aids the release of steroid hormones form the adrenal cortex

control energy metabolism and heat production

aids in the production of white blood cells called T leukocytes or T cells

aids in decreasing calcium levels in the blood

causes feeling of sleepiness, at highest level during the night

create an adrenaline rush

stimulates the sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys and helps regulate blood pressure and plasma levels

help to promote glucogenesis (fat/amino-acid → glucose)

decrease blood sugar levels

increase blood sugar levels

maintains sexual characteristics

aids the development of the female reproductive glands and secondary sex characteristics

responsible for sperm production, development of the male reproductive system, and secondary sex changes within puberty

regulate the smooth muscle cells that line the blood vessels and respiratory passages, stimulate muscle of the uterus, and activate inflammatory response

suppresses appetite and increases energy production

stimulates red blood cell production

regulate the menstrual cycle and promote breast development

increases blood calcium levels

Anterior Pituitary (Gland), Posterior Pituitary (Gland), Pancreas, Ovaries (female), Testes (male), Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus, Thyroid gland, Thymus gland, Adrenal gland

anterior pituitary hypersecretes growth hormone, causing an increase in overall body size

anterior pituitary gland hyposecretes growth hormone, resulting in adult height of four feet or less

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland, causing the kidney to increase urine production

an overactive thyroid

enlarged thyroid caused by insufficient amounts of iodine of a thyroid disorder

an autoimmune disorder that causes an overactive thyroid gland and outward bulging of eyes

Underactive thyroid, caused by thyroiditis

inflammation of the thyroid

causes weight gain; a swollen, puffy face; low body temp; dry skin; and decreased mental acuity

occurs in infants and children; may develop congenitally of after birth

a disorder of the parathyroid gland, hypersecretion of PTH, causing increased blood calcium levels and increased calcium reabsorption by the kidneys

disorder of the parathyroid gland, low blood calcium levels, leads to unstable nerve and muscle membranes. Causes tetany

sustained muscular contraction

adrenal medulla disorder, hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine which causes high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, weight loss, nervousness, and sleep disturbances

hypersecretion of cortisol; causes weight gain, high blood glucose levels, hypertension, and osteoporosis

hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones; causes muscle atrophy, a bronze skin tone, low blood pressure, kidney damage, hypoglycemia, severe loss of fluids/electrolytes, and a general feeling of weakness

a condition where the pancreas is unable to produce sufficient amounts of insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. Symptoms include polyuria (urination), polydipsia (thirst), polyphagia (hunger)

juvenile-onset

adult-onset, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and peripheral neuropathy

pancreas secretes insulin, but body’s insulin receptors are down-regulated, causing elevated blood glucose levels

elevated blood glucose levels

Degenerative state of peripheral nerves marked by muscle weakness and atrophy, pain, and numbness

Prolactin and growth hormone

Into the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

steroid hormones

amino-acid hormones

in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

Insulin and glucagon

70 - 105 mg/dL

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Hypothalamic releasing, hypothalamic non-releasing

insulin, glucagon

under the sternum, anterior to the heart

posterior to the stomach in the abdominal cavity

sit on top of (are superior to) the kidneys

in the brain and is pinecone-shaped

below (inferior to) the larynx (or adam’s apple), at the base of the throat)

(4 glands, 2 pairs) are located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland

in the depression of the sphenoid bone and suspended from the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

in the diencephalon in the brain

outside of the body and encased by the scrotum (a sac outside the body)

inside the female pelvic cavity

on the backside of the abdominal cavity under the lower ribs

distributed throughout the body (under the skin, between organs, etc)

nerve fibers stimulate endocrine gland organs to release hormones

endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine glands; starting with the hypothalamus

levels of various substances in body fluids are monitored for homeostatic imbalance

thymus gland, it shrinks during puberty

one that does not act directly on a gland, but stimulates other endocrine glands

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

mammary gland

kidneys

mammary glands, uterus

ovaries/testes

all tissues

thyroid

thyrotropin

ovaries/testes

various tissues

bone, kidneys, intestines

bone, kidneys, intestines