Anatomy and Physiology

Delivers oxygen

Delivers heat to the surface of the skin

Removes the waste products in the body

RVAVAVAL

Right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle left atrium separated by the septum

Atriums have thin muscle walls

Ventricles have thick walls

Left side of the heart is larger

Bicuspid separates left atrium and ventricle

Tricuspid separates right atrium and ventricle

Semi lunar valves separate ventricles and arteries

Strong fibrous strings that attach heart muscles to the valves. They serve to anchor the valves and not let them close

A group of specialised cells located in the wall of the heart which send electrical impulses to the cardiac muscle, causing it to contract.

Sino atrial node

Begins the wave of excitation

Capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

Wave of excitation

Atrio ventricular node

Delays the wave of excitation to limit the increase of the Heart rate

Heart pumping and the heart filling respectively

Bundles of HIS, splitting into bundle branches

Purkinje fibres, these spread the impulses around the ventricles and cause them to contract

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Brain

Retina

Spinal cord

Command centre of the body

Nerves that connect the CNS to the arms and legs

Nerves that connect the CNS to organs

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

A part of the nervous system that speed up heart rate and prepares the body for exercise

Decreases heart rate and returns the body to a resting state after exercise

Cardiac Control Centre

Responsible for autonomic nervous functions

Chemoreceptors

Baroreceptors

Proprioceptors

Detect changes in the acidity and chemicals in the bloodstream

Increase in CO2 = increase in heart rate

Detect changes in blood pressure

Increase in blood pressure= decrease in HR

Detect changes in muscle movement and tension

Increase muscle movement = Increases HR

Adrenaline is released from the adrenal glands and mimicks the sympathetic nervous system increasing heart rate before exercise

The volume of blood pumped by the ventricles for each contraction

The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricles per beat

stroke volume x heart rate

Amount of blood returning to the lungs via the veins

Increased venous return, increased diastolic filling, cardiac muscle is stretched, more force of contraction, increased ejection fraction

Cardiac tissue

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes stronger

A decrease in resting heart rate below 60bpm

Coronary arteries are blocked and lumen is narrow reducing blood flow

The process of fatty build ups being deposited in the vessels. Atheroma is the fatty deposits

Chest pain when the coronary arteries are blocked enough to cause pain

The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels

Low density lipoproteins

Transports cholesterol to the blood vessels. Considered the bad ones as linked to heart disease

High density lipoproteins

Transport atheroma back to the liver where it is broken down. Considered the good ones as they lower the risk of CHD

The most common. Occur when a blood clot stops blood supply

occur when a weakened blood vessels supplying the brain bursts

Heart rate increases

Stroke volume decreases

Fluid is lost as sweat

Reduced plasma volume

Reduced venous return

Cardiac output also increases due to more energy needed to cool the body

Arteries

Arteriols

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

Thinner muscle/ elastic tissue

Blood is at low pressure

Valves

Wider lumen

Thick muscle and elastic tissue

Small lumen

High blood pressure as they carry blood away from the heart

One cells thick

Short diffusion path for oxygen and Co2

Very low blood pressure

Pressure of the oxygenated blood travelling to the body

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is contracting

The pressure of the deoxygenated blood travelling from the heart to the lungs

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing

The brachial artery in the upper arm

120/80

Skeletal muscle pump

Respiratory pump

Pocket valves

The muscles contracting and changing shape resulting in veins to change shape and squeeze the blood back to the heart

The pressure changes in the thoracic and abdominal cavities during breathing and will therefore compress the nearby veins and push blood back to the heart

These valves prevent the back flow of blood in the veins

Blood flow x resistance

Pressure gradient

The mean pressure that exists in the circulatory system when the heart has had a chance to evenly redistribute blood to all vessels and organs

Lead deoxygenated blood from the capillaries back to the heart

The resistance that must be overcome for the blood to be pushed around the circulatory system

An iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

Often known as muscles haemoglobin

Stores the oxygen in the muscles to be used during longer activities

Site for aerobic respirations and is the powerhouse of the cell

Need lots of oxygen to operate

BOHR shift

Increased temperature

Increased partial pressure of CO2

Lower pH (increased acidity)

Vascular shunt mechanism

Blood is distributed away from digestive organs and travels to the working muscles.

Rings of tissue at the start of the blood vessel. When contracting, they block of the proceeding vessel and there is limited blood flow to the areas that vessel supplies.When they contract blood flow is blocked.

Dilation- the widening of the lumen to allow more blood flow. This also pushes the vessel closer to the surface to allow for heat to leave the body

Constriction- Vessels decrease lumen diameter and go deeper into the skin resulting in a conservation of heat

Increase supply of oxygen

Remove lactic acid and other waste products

Regulation of body temperature

Direct more blood to the heart

The difference between the content of oxygen of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles

Low as not much oxygen is required at the muscles

Venous pressure - Right atrial pressure /Total peripheral vascular resistance

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Iliac crest

Ilium

Pubis

ischium

7 bones

Provides support for the weight of the head and surrounds and protects the spinal cord

12 vertabrae

Provides attachment point for multiple muscles

5 vertabrae

Provides stability for the spinal column and back

5 vertabrae

Is fused to the coccyx and is responsible for strengthening the pelvis

4 vertabrae

Fused to sacrum and provides weight bearing support when seated also multiple insertion point for muscles and ligament

Long

Short

Irregular

Flat

Sesamoid

Longer than it is wide

Femur, humerus, tibia, fibula

Shaft called diaphysis and ends called epiphysis

Cube shaped consisting of cancellous bone surrounded by a layer of compact bone

Carpals, Tarsals, Wrists

Fine or small movements, shock absorption, weight bearing

Thin, flattened and slightly curved, with a large surface area.

Sternum, Cranium

Mostly protect the spinal cord and allow small amounts of movement

Vertabrae

Have a specialised function

Protection and reduction of friction at a joint

Patella

Strong fibrous tissue

Stabilise the joint, attach bone to bone, prevent any unwanted movement

Fixed position

Protects vital organs

Bones overlap and interlock

Slightly moveable

Bones are separated by fibrocartilage which when compressed, will move bones

Freely moving

High level of mobility at the joint

Most of e body’s joints are synovial

Protection, Attachment, Blood cell production, Store of minerals, Movement

Nervous system and muscular system work together to allow movement

1, 2a, 2x

Small and red

Slow force of contraction and speed

Aerobics

High fatigue resistance

High mitochondria and high slow release sugars

Moderate and red

Medium force of contraction and speed

Aerobics

High fatigue resistance

Large and white

High force of contraction and speed

Weight lifting and sprinting

High glucose

Low fatigue resistanace

A motor neurone and its muscle fibres

Nerve cells which transmit the brains instructions as electrical impulses to the muscles