• 2 or more chemical elements make up a molecule

• smallest unit of a substance that retains chemical & physical properties of the substance

carbon-based; carbon atoms typically bonded together

forces within a molecule

• ionic

• polar covalent

• non-polar covalent

forms when valence electrons of 2 non-metal atoms are shared so that both may have a full valence shell

ability of an atom to attract electrons stronger to other atoms (e.g oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine)

a bond or molecule whose ends have opposite charges

when a metal loses electrons and non-metal gains the electrons

cation - positive ion (metal)

anion - negative ion (non-metal)

covalent bond w/ electrons being shared equally, both atoms do not possess a positive or negative charge

covalent bond w/ electrons being attracted to the atom of higher electronegativity (making it slightly more negative and the other atom slightly more positive)

• forces between molecules or between different parts of a molecule (if it’s large enough)

• weaker than intramolecular forces

• atom of a molecule being attracted to an atom of another molecule due to differing polarity

e.g positive hydrogen atom of a water molecule being attracted to negative oxygen atom of a water molecule

tendency of non-polar molecules to clump together in substances

non-polar molecules are unable to form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules

polar molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds w/ water molecules

• an atom or group of atoms that loses or gains an electron to obtain a stable valence shell

• has an electrical charge

• an atom that has lost an electron

• positively charged

• an atom that has gained an electron

• negatively charged

shows the # of each type of atom in an element or compound

e.g C6H12O6

• a diagram of a molecule that shows how atoms of the molecule are bonded together

• lines drawn between atoms indicate covalent bonds

normally involves a combination of more than one

neutralization

oxidation-reduction

condensation

hydrolysis

• substance that produces hydrogen ions (H^+) when it dissolves in water

• increases concentration of ions in an aqueous solution

• substance that produces hydroxide ions when it (OH^-) when it dissolves in water

• increases concentration of hydroxide ions

• can be thought of as a substance that accepts or reacts with hydrogen ions

ranking of substances according to the relative concentration of their hydrogen ions

• acid-base reaction

• acid interacts w/ a base resulting in salt (ionic compound) & water

• both acid & base lose their acidic & base properties respectively

substances that minimize changes in pH by donating or accepting hydrogen ions as needed

when a molecule loses an electron & becomes oxidized

when a molecule accepts electrons from an oxidized molecule

• oxidation & reduction occurs at the same time so the whole reaction is termed this

• redox reaction

• hydrogen is removed from a functional group on one molecule

• an OH group is removed from another molecule

• the 2 molecules bond and form a larger molecule & water

• all 4 types of biological macromolecules involve this reaction between the monomers of each polymer

• breaks down macromolecules into monomers in cells

• hydrogen from water is added to one monomer

• an OH group is added to another monomer beside it

• covalent bond between these 2 monomers breaks & the larger molecule is split into 2 smaller molecules

a molecule with the same molecular formula but different structure

molecule that can bond to other identical molecules to form a polymer

molecule made of multiple monomers

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acid

• contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

• easy-to-access energy

• polar; soluble in water

• e.g sugar & starches

monosaccharide

disaccharide

polysaccharide

covalent bond b/w 2 monosaccharides

forms b/w specific hydroxyl groups on each mono saccharide

• 6 carbon sugar

• A glucose, B glucose, galactose, fructose

• 5 carbon sugar

• ribose, deoxyribose

• C atoms in molecule 3-7

• composed of a single carbon-based monomer

• a monomer for other carbohydrates

• A glucose, B glucose, galactose, fructose

• 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded

• maltose, sucrose, lactose

monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkage

starch, glycogen, cellulose