ap lang spring

Ethos

a rhetorical or written technique that appeals to an audience or reader's ethics;credibility

Logos

word, thought, principle, or speech; logical reasoning/evidence

Rhetorical situation

circumstance of an event that consists of an issue, an audience, and a set of constraints;arises from a given context or exigence.

Rhetorical question

a question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer

Repetition

the action of repeating something that has already been said or written.

figurative language

the use of words in a way that deviates from the conventional order and meaning in order to convey a complicated meaning, colorful writing, clarity, or evocative comparison.

Irony

the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect;a state of affairs or an event that seems deliberately contrary to what one expects and is often amusing as a result; literary technique, originally used in Greek tragedy, by which the full significance of a character's words or actions are clear to the audience or reader although unknown to the character.

Symbol

a mark or character used as a conventional representation of an object, function, or process;a thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.

Metaphor

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable;a thing regarded as representative or symbolic of something else, especially something abstract.

Simile

a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid; uses like or as

Allusion

an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.

Syntax

the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language; set of rules for or an analysis of language; branch of linguistics

Personification

the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in in human form; figure intended to represent an abstract quality; representative or embodiment of a quality/concept/thing

Imagery

visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work; visual symbolism

Contrast

state of being strikingly different from something else in juxtaposition or close association

Shift

switch between rhetorical modes or from one frame to another; change in tone or mood

Juxtaposition

fact of two things being seen or placed close together with a contrasting effect.

Point of view

writer's way of deciding who is telling story and to whom; 1st=i/we/me, 2nd=you, 3rd=he/she/it/they

Refutation

action of proving a statement or theory to be wrong or false

Pun

joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words which sound alike but have different meanings

Understatement

presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it is

asyndeton

literary scheme in which one or several conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a series of related clauses. (commas used)

polysyndeton

a list or series of words, phrases, or clauses that is connected with the repeated use of the same conjunction.

qualify

you make it less strong or less general by adding a detail or explanation to it, not agreeing or disagreeing

warrant

This is the logical and persuasive connection between a claim and the reasons/data supporting it, The speaker's often unstated assumptions, can be stated or implied, bridge connecting the reason to the claim.

statement of benefits

a clear and concise statement that communicate the benefit of a product, program, or service to the reader

opposition

speaker, having mentioned one thing, wants to go on to talk about something else which contrasts

hyperbole

use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech. In rhetoric, it is also sometimes known as auxesis. In poetry and oratory, it emphasizes, evokes strong feelings, and creates strong impressions. As a figure of speech, it is usually not meant to be taken literally.

satire

genre, often using irony and exaggeration, that ridicules

parody

straw man fallacy

Attacking an argument that isn't there, Attributing to our opponents a weak or indefensible position they don't hold (that resembles it in some way).

ad hominem

Attacks directed at the character of a person rather than at the claims they make

faulty analogy

Analogy: a extended comparison to help understand unfamiliar ideas by comparing them to familiar ideas, Inaccurate or inconsequential comparisons between objects or concepts.

faulty causality

bandwagon

Arguments that urge people to follow the same path that everyone else is taking.

hasty generalization

An inference drawn from insufficient evidence

false dichotomy

Reduce the options for action to only two choices, Make one choice appear really awesome and the other appear horrible

circular reasoning

An argument is circular if its conclusion is among its premises, if it assumes (either explicitly or not) what it is trying to prove, it is an attempt to support a statement by simply repeating the statement in different or stronger term, Also known as "begging the question"

slippery slope

Takes advantage of the notion that one thing leads to another by exaggerating the likely consequences of an action to frighten people.

narrative essay

any account of a series of related events or experiences, whether non fiction or fictional. They can be presented through a sequence of written or spoken words, through still or moving images, or through any combination of these. uses rhetorical devices and relatability to tell a story of bigger picture.

Speaker

Who wrote this? What do we know about them? What DON'T we know about them? Does this text have a particular meaning because of WHO wrote/said it? For more questions about speaker's values, credibility, authority, bias, etc.,

Purpose

What is the speaker hoping to accomplish by putting this out into the world? What does the speaker want the audience to do/think/feel? Remember that the message itself ≠ the purpose.

Audience

Who was the actual audience of this text? Was that the intended audience? Who is the primary and secondary audience? What does the speaker assume about their audience? How does that impact what they say and how they say it?

Context

What was going on in the world when this text was produced? What were the biggest issues on the speaker's mind, which they might be directly or indirectly addressing? How would this same text be received differently by a different audience in or in a different time?What were the cultural norms?

Exigence

Why now for the speaker? What is the driving force for speaker? What was the spark or catalyst that moved the speaker to act? (Context is happening all the time, but usually an event serves as exigence.)

Choices

This is a large category of all the little ways that authors try to enrich their writing HOW the author uses elements of the text to construct meaning. Why does the writer make each choice?

Appeals

Appeals to ethics or credibility;Appeals to emotion;Appeals to logic or reason

Tone

What is the speaker's attitude at different places throughout the text? How can you tell this is their attitude? Where does the tone shift in the piece?

Argument

responds to prompt with a thesis that presents a defensible position, support and explanations for you line of reasoning

Advanced Argument Techniques

Classical:Based on formal logic, Intended for oration - easy to follow, Focused on convincing others you are right, Works well with impartial or uninformed audience; Rogerian;Focused on cooperation, not conflict, Works well with people who disagree, Listen and understand opponents, then appeal to their values; Toulmin:Most informal, conversational: not structured,Acknowledges that reality and conversation are messy and fluid, Considers speaker's assumptions

Synthesis

using the given documents, Look for links between materials for the purpose of constructing a thesis or theory,putting them together into a sort of harmony; must use at least 3 sources

Fake News: Assessing Sources

an article entirely or partially fictionalized in order to deceive its audience

Satire

genre, often using irony and exaggeration, that ridicules

Conclusions

identify 2-3 key ideas from text, Sentence connecting ideas to purpose/thesis, and apply to universe

TPR

Topic:centered on the text/Expose tension, conflict, or irony/Rhetorical Situation; Position: your argument/Your answer to the prompt; Rationale:your explanation/Your "why" and "how"

Thesis

a brief introduction to your topic, state your pov your purpose directly in one sentence

Topic sentence

a sentence that expresses the main idea of the paragraph in which it occurs

Context

circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed; parts of something written or spoken that immediately precede and follow a word or passage and clarify its meaning.

CD

facts and examples that support the thesis or topic sentence; includes direct quotations from and summaries or paraphrases of literary works.

CM

explanation or interpretation of the concrete evidence; supports topic sentences

Body paragraphs

any paragraph in the middle of an essay, paper, or article that comes after the introduction but before the conclusion; contains concrete details and commentary to support thesis

conclusion paragraph,

Remind reader of argument, Don't just summarize it, Answer, "so what?", Enduring understanding, Look up from the text and apply to the world

quoting

must give sound examples whether from knowledge for argument and synthesis or from the provided information for rhetoric and synthesis

Argument and Synthesis Expectations

using evidence, either agree, qualify, or reject the prompt and give justification

Works cited

center title at top, double space, left align and indent second lines, alphabetical order, contains:author, source title, publication date, where it was found, when it was accessed, location like url, publisher, number, version, other contributors

bibliography

a list of works on a subject or by an author that were used or consulted to write a research paper, book or article.

container

a book that is a collection of stories, poems, essays, art, etc.; a periodical that may contain articles, creative writings, etc.; a web site that contains postings, articles.; or a television series consisting of episodes.