Geography Revison

1. Crust: This is the outer layer, like the shell of an egg. It's the thinnest layer and it's where we live. The crust is made up of solid rock and soil.

2. Mantle: Beneath the crust is the mantle. It's like a thick, gooey layer of hot melted rock. The mantle is not solid like the crust, but it's not liquid either. It's kind of in between.

3. Core: At the very center of the Earth is the core. It's like a big, solid ball made mostly of iron and nickel. The core is super hot, like the inside of an oven, and it's what gives the Earth its magnetic fields.

Tectonic plates are large pieces of the Earth's crust that float on the mantle. They move slowly, causing earthquakes and forming mountains when they collide. Their motion shapes the Earth's surface, creating new crust and oceanic features when they separate.

A volcano is a rupture in the earth’s crust where molten rock, gas, and ash escape. They can erupt explosively or more gently, shaping landscapes and creating new land. While they offer natural beauty, they also pose risks to nearby areas, with potential for destruction from lava flows, ashfall, and gas emissions. Understanding and monitoring volcanoes are crucial for predicting eruptions and protecting communities.

1. Shield volcanoes: Broad and gently sloping, formed by lava flows.

2. Stratovolcanoes (or composite volcanoes): Steep-sided with alternating layers of lava and ash.

3. Cinder cone volcanoes: Small, steep-sided, and made up of mostly volcanic ash and cinders.

1. Air Pollution: Stuff like sulfur dioxide and ash can make the air dirty and hard to breathe.

2. Climate Effects: Volcanoes can release gases and particles into the air that affect the climate, sometimes cooling it down for a while.

3. Water Pollution: Ash and debris from eruptions can get into rivers and lakes, making the water dirty and not safe to drink.

4. Damage to Land: Volcanic eruptions can cover large areas with ash and lava, damaging soil and making it hard for plants to grow.

5. Habitat Destruction: Eruptions can wipe out habitats for animals and plants, which can hurt biodiversity.

6. Immediate Dangers: Things like lava flows, ash clouds, and gases can directly harm people and property near the volcano.

1. Earthquakes: The movement of magma beneath the Earth's surface can trigger earthquakes before, during, or after an eruption.

2. Landslides: Volcanic eruptions can destabilize slopes, leading to landslides or debris flows.

3. Tsunamis: Underwater volcanic eruptions or collapses can generate tsunamis, massive waves that can cause devastation along coastlines.